Exploring the Associations Between Self-reported Tendencies Toward Smartphone Use Disorder and Objective Recordings of Smartphone, Instant Messaging, and Social Networking App Usage: Correlational Study

Davide Marengo   ¹ , PhD ;   Rayna Sariyska   ² , PhD ;   Helena Sophia Schmitt   ² , MSc ;   Eva-Maria Messner   ³ , PhD ;   Harald Baumeister   ³ , PhD ;   Matthias Brand   ⁴ , PhD ;   Christopher Kannen   ² , MSc ;   Christian Montag   ² , PhD

¹ Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

² Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

³ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

⁴ Department of General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany