Quality and Adoption of COVID-19 Tracing Apps and Recommendations for Development: Systematic Interdisciplinary Review of European Apps

Leonie Kahnbach   ^{1, 2 *} , MSc ;   Dirk Lehr   ^{1 *} , Prof Dr ;   Jessica Brandenburger   ³ , MSc ;   Tim Mallwitz   ³ , MSc ;   Sophie Jent   ⁴ , MSc ;   Sandy Hannibal   ¹ , BSc ;   Burkhardt Funk   ⁵ , Prof Dr ;   Monique Janneck   ³ , Prof Dr

¹ Department of Health Psychology and Applied Biological Psychology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany

² Competencies for Digitally-Enhanced Individualized Practice Project, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany

³ Institute for Interactive Systems, Technische Hochschule Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

⁴ Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Hochschule Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

⁵ Institute of Information Systems, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany

*these authors contributed equally