Pain Recognition With Electrocardiographic Features in Postoperative Patients: Method Validation Study

Emad Kasaeyan Naeini   ^{1 *} , BSc, MSc ;   Ajan Subramanian   ^{1 *} , BSc ;   Michael-David Calderon   ² , BSc ;   Kai Zheng   ³ , PhD ;   Nikil Dutt   ¹ , PhD ;   Pasi Liljeberg   ⁴ , PhD ;   Sanna Salantera   ^{5, 6} , PhD, RN ;   Ariana M Nelson   ⁷ , MD ;   Amir M Rahmani   ^{1, 8, 9} , PhD

¹ Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

² Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, UC Irvine Health, Orange, CA, United States

³ Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

⁴ Department of Future Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

⁵ Department of Nursing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

⁶ Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

⁷ School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

⁸ School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

⁹ Institute for Future Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States

*these authors contributed equally