Accurately Differentiating Between Patients With COVID-19, Patients With Other Viral Infections, and Healthy Individuals: Multimodal Late Fusion Learning Approach

Ming Xu   ^{1, 2, 3 *} , MD, PhD ;   Liu Ouyang   ^{4 *} , MD ;   Lei Han   ^{1, 2 *} , MD, PhD ;   Kai Sun   ^{5 *} , MD ;   Tingting Yu   ^{6 *} , MD ;   Qian Li   ^{7 *} , MD ;   Hua Tian   ^{8 *} , MSc ;   Lida Safarnejad   ^{9, 10} , MSc, PhD ;   Hengdong Zhang   ^{1, 2} , MD, PhD ;   Yue Gao   ¹ , MSc ;   Forrest Sheng Bao   ¹¹ , PhD ;   Yuanfang Chen   ¹² , MSc ;   Patrick Robinson   ³ , MD, FACP, FIDSA ;   Yaorong Ge   ¹⁰ , PhD ;   Baoli Zhu   ² , MSc ;   Jie Liu   ¹³ , MD, PhD ;   Shi Chen   ^{3, 14} , PhD

¹ Department of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China

² Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

³ Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States

⁴ Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

⁵ Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

⁶ Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Science Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China

⁸ Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China

⁹ School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

¹⁰ Department of Software and Information Systems, College of Computing and Informatics, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States

¹¹ Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States

¹² Institute of HIV/AIDS/STI Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China

¹³ Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

¹⁴ School of Data Science, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States

*these authors contributed equally