Published on in Vol 22, No 12 (2020): December

Preprints (earlier versions) of this paper are available at https://preprints.jmir.org/preprint/21923, first published .
Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Authors of this article:

Jian Wang1 Author Orcid Image ;   Mei Li2 Author Orcid Image ;   Daqiao Zhu1 Author Orcid Image ;   Yang Cao3 Author Orcid Image

Journals

  1. Spitzer M. Open schools! Weighing the effects of viruses and lockdowns on children. Trends in Neuroscience and Education 2021;22:100151 View
  2. Zahid M. PREVALENCE OF SMARTPHONE ADDICTION AMONG STUDENTS OF COLLEGES OF REHABILITATION SCIENCES. Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 2021;10(2):14 View
  3. Kaimara P, Oikonomou A, Deliyannis I. Could virtual reality applications pose real risks to children and adolescents? A systematic review of ethical issues and concerns. Virtual Reality 2022;26(2):697 View
  4. Hung M, Yuan C, Bi N, Chen Y, Lee W, Huang M, You C. To Use or Abuse: Opportunities and Difficulties in the Use of Multi-channel Support to Reduce Technology Abuse by Adolescents. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2022;6(CSCW1):1 View
  5. Mukazhanova A, Aldasheva N, Iskakbayeva J, Bakhytbek R, Ualiyeva A, Baigonova K, Ongarbaeva D, Vinnikov D, Nagra M. Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE 2022;17(6):e0269474 View
  6. Berezina N, Alexandrova I, Ayzyatova M, Mirskaya N. The Use of Interactive Panels in the Classroom and Health of Schoolchildren. ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ И СРЕДА ОБИТАНИЯ - ЗНиСО / PUBLIC HEALTH AND LIFE ENVIRONMENT 2021:22 View
  7. Yue Y, Liu X, Yi S, Liu B, Yi H, Li H. High prevalence of myopia and low hyperopia reserve in 4411 Chinese primary school students and associated risk factors. BMC Ophthalmology 2022;22(1) View
  8. Aleksandrova I, Ayzyatova M, Lashneva I, Berezina N, Mirskaya N. Justification of hygienic regulations for the use of an interactive panel in a school lesson. Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor) 2022;(8):574 View
  9. Lem D, Gierhart D, Davey P. Can Nutrition Play a Role in Ameliorating Digital Eye Strain?. Nutrients 2022;14(19):4005 View
  10. Artesani M, Esposito M, Sacchetti M, Mennini M, Romanzo A, Buzzonetti L, Fiocchi A, Sansone A. The effect of COVID-19 imposed lockdown on Italian children with Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. World Allergy Organization Journal 2022;15(10):100701 View
  11. Zheng X, Shi L, Ou W, Xue Y, Xu Y, Xue B, Zhang J, Liang P, Huang W, Qin Z, Zhang C. Effects of physical activity and use of digital devices on visual acuity in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Public Health 2022;10 View
  12. Lema A, Anbesu E. Computer vision syndrome and its determinants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Medicine 2022;10 View
  13. Olsen M, Nassar R, Senok A, Moloney S, Lohning A, Jones P, Grant G, Morgan M, Palipana D, McKirdy S, Alghafri R, Tajouri L. Mobile phones are hazardous microbial platforms warranting robust public health and biosecurity protocols. Scientific Reports 2022;12(1) View
  14. Guan J, Zhu Y, Hu Q, Ma S, Mu J, Li Z, Fang D, Zhuo X, Guan H, Sun Q, An L, Zhang S, Qin P, Zhuo Y. Prevalence Patterns and Onset Prediction of High Myopia for Children and Adolescents in Southern China via Real-World Screening Data: Retrospective School-Based Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2023;25:e39507 View
  15. Nunes A, Leitão M, Nunes A, Monteiro P. Eye discomfort at close work in Portuguese university students: A comparative analysis between the pre-COVID and confinement period. Work 2023;75(2):423 View
  16. Jonnatan L, Seaton C, Rush K, Li E, Hasan K. Mobile Device Usage before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Rural and Urban Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2022;19(14):8231 View
  17. Detanac D. Digital device overuse during the COVID-19 pandemic and visual impairment among children: Is there a risk for long-term effects?. Sanamed 2021;16(3):161 View
  18. Maruyama T, Yotsukura E, Torii H, Mori K, Inokuchi M, Tokumura M, Hazra D, Ogawa M, Hanyuda A, Tsubota K, Kurihara T, Negishi K. Children in Tokyo Have a Long Sustained Axial Length from Age 3 Years: The Tokyo Myopia Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2022;11(15):4413 View
  19. Kalia P, Dwivedi Y, Acevedo-Duque Á. Cellulographics©: A novel smartphone user classification metrics. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge 2022;7(2):100179 View
  20. Denysenko S, Hoidina V, Popova T. Indicators of Prooxidant-Antioxidant System and Protein Metabolism in Rats after the Influence of Weak Electromagnetic Fields. Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 2022;7(5):267 View
  21. Wang Y, Zhao A, Zhang X, Huang D, Zhu H, Sun Q, Yu J, Chen J, Zhao X, Li R, Han S, Dong W, Ma F, Chen X, Liu H. Prevalence of strabismus among preschool children in eastern China and comparison at a 5-year interval: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021;11(10):e055112 View
  22. Spitzer M. Digitalisierung in Kindergarten und Grundschule schadet der Entwicklung, Gesundheit und Bildung von Kindern. Nervenheilkunde 2022;41(11):797 View
  23. Putri Yumna Nur Aqila , Hari Wahyu Nugroho , Fadhilah Tia Nur . Hubungan Jarak dan Durasi Penggunaan Smartphone dengan Digital Eye Strain pada Anak Sekolah Menengah Pertama di Masa Pandemi COVID-19. Plexus Medical Journal 2023;1(6):206 View
  24. Chu G, Chan L, Do C, Tse A, Cheung T, Szeto G, So B, Lee R, Lee P. Association between time spent on smartphones and digital eye strain: A 1-year prospective observational study among Hong Kong children and adolescents. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2023;30(20):58428 View
  25. Almarzouki H, Alharbi S, Bakhsh D, Alayoubi S, Taher N, Farahat F. Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Children Attending a Tertiary Hospital in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023 View
  26. Ivleva S, Hajimajeed M, Kartashova O, Mikhaylov A. A comparative study of regional variations in common visual impairments among school-age children. Electronic Journal of General Medicine 2023;20(5):em504 View
  27. Salama B, Parrey M, Abdul-Latif M, Alanazi H, Alanazi S. The Prevalence of Severe Visual Impairment and Blindness Among Primary School Children in Arar, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023 View
  28. Joung J, Oh E, Lee E. The experiences of counselors caring for children and adolescents with problematic smartphone use. Scientific Reports 2023;13(1) View
  29. Huang C, Chen C, Chang C. Decision Behavior and Influential Factors of Spectacle Prescription for Schoolchildren in Taiwan. Clinical Optometry 2023;Volume 15:159 View
  30. Park H, Park C. Effects of VR Viewing on Binocular Vision and Eye Movement : Focusing on Undergraduates Having a Major Related to Physical Education. The Korean Journal of Vision Science 2023;25(3):209 View
  31. Sanders T, Noetel M, Parker P, Del Pozo Cruz B, Biddle S, Ronto R, Hulteen R, Parker R, Thomas G, De Cocker K, Salmon J, Hesketh K, Weeks N, Arnott H, Devine E, Vasconcellos R, Pagano R, Sherson J, Conigrave J, Lonsdale C. An umbrella review of the benefits and risks associated with youths’ interactions with electronic screens. Nature Human Behaviour 2023;8(1):82 View
  32. Wang X, Wu Y, Zhao F, Sun W, Pang C, Sun X, Zang S. Subjective dry eye symptoms and associated factors among the national general population in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: A network analysis. Journal of Global Health 2023;13 View
  33. Cha J, Choi Y, Ryu S, Moon J, Nadolu B. Association between smartphone usage and health outcomes of adolescents: A propensity analysis using the Korea youth risk behavior survey. PLOS ONE 2023;18(12):e0294553 View
  34. Szymańska P, Aniśko B, Wójcik M. The effect of stretching exercises on the mobility of the spine in the sagittal plane in people using digital devices – preliminary observations. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023;23(5):108 View
  35. Je M, Lee J. Factors Associated with Smartphone Dependence of Late School-Aged Children: A Focus on Grit and Family Strengths. Korean Journal of Health Promotion 2023;23(1):37 View
  36. Kim J. The Prevalence of Myopia and the Factors Affecting Myopia Progression in Korean Children. Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society 2023;28(4):387 View
  37. Habchy P, Tahan L, Moussi C, Barakat M, Ghanem L, Kattan O, Njeim A, Abou Habib L, El Bitar W, El Asmar B, Chahine M. Referrals and Determinant Factors of a National School Health Campaign in Lebanon on Children Aged between 3 and 12 Years Old. Children 2024;11(2):175 View
  38. Sheinov V. The Relationships of Problematic Smartphone Use with Manifestations of Psychological Ill-Being. Journal of Modern Foreign Psychology 2024;12(4):123 View
  39. Su Y, Li H, Jiang S, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang G. The relationship between nighttime exercise and problematic smartphone use before sleep and associated health issues: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024;24(1) View
  40. Wu W, Yi L, Zhang K, Chen Z, Shi C, Chen C, Cai Y, Hu L, Chen X. Health-related quality of life measurements in children and adolescents with refractive errors: A scoping review. Advances in Ophthalmology Practice and Research 2024;4(2):84 View
  41. de Hesselle L, Montag C. Effects of a 14-day social media abstinence on mental health and well-being: results from an experimental study. BMC Psychology 2024;12(1) View
  42. Marwa Amish , Jasmine Mahmud , Yasmena Abdulhadi . Ocular Manifestation of the Pediatric Age Group in Almarj. AlQalam Journal of Medical and Applied Sciences 2024:315 View
  43. Guo Z, Liu K, Liang C, Li D, Lou J, Deng Y, Huang M. Validation of the Chinese version of the Smartphone Distraction Scale. Heliyon 2024;10(11):e31807 View
  44. SHEYNOV V, KARPIYEVICH V, YERMAK V. RELATIONSHIP OF PROBLEMBLE SMARTPHONE USE WITH SHYNESS, SELF- RESPECT, LIFE SATISFACTION AND SELF-ESTEEM. Herald of Polotsk State University. Series E. Pedagogical sciences 2024;(1):93 View
  45. Jadeja J, Shroff K, Shah A, Pandey A, Dubey S. Association of digital device usage and dry eye disease in school children. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2024;72(7):1031 View
  46. Moncho Santonja M, Jordán J, Micó B, López D, Tortajada Montañana I, Peris-Fajarnés G. Impact of Prolonged Screening and COVID-19 Infection on Acquired Colour Vision Deficiencies Assessed by the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue Test. Applied Sciences 2024;14(13):5563 View
  47. Monma T, Matsui T, Koyama S, Ueno H, Kagesawa J, Oba C, Nakamura K, Takagi H, Takeda F. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Physical Complaints Among Japanese Esports Players: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024 View
  48. Wang Y, Luo Y, Yan N, Esi Mackay L, Wang Y, Wang Y, Dereje Shiferaw B, Shen X, Zhu Y, Wang W. The longitudinal relationships between problematic smartphone use and anxiety symptoms among Chinese college students: A cross-lagged panel network analysis. Addictive Behaviors 2025;160:108170 View
  49. Lukavská K, Božík M, Männikkö N, Hrabec O, Slussareff M, Vacek J, Píšová M, Gabrhelík R. Socio-demographic and other factors contributing to excessive leisure screen time in preadolescent children. Central European Journal of Public Health 2024;32(3):205 View
  50. Qalawa S, Ibrahim N, Fadlalmola H, Elmansy F, Elbqry M. Perceived Health Risks Associated with Smartphone Use Among Health College Students at Qassim University in Saudi Arabia. The Open Nursing Journal 2024;18(1) View
  51. Luo Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Mackay L, Yan N, Wang Y, Shiferaw B, Wang Y, Wang J, Tang J, Liao Y, Wang X, Wang W. Trends in the prevalence and burden of blindness and vision loss among adolescents aged 10–24 years in the Western Pacific Region over 30 years. BMC Public Health 2024;24(1) View
  52. Bertoglio P, Garelli E, Bonucchi S, Brandolini J, Kawamukai K, Antonacci F, Forti Parri S, Bonfanti B, Lai G, De Leonibus L, Solli P. A Smartphone App for the Management of Postoperative Home Recovery After Thoracic Surgery Procedures: A Pilot Study Using the Care4Today™ App. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024;13(24):7843 View
  53. Li J, Zeng H, Wei J, Wu Q, Qin S, Zeng Q, Zhao B, Dong G, Shen J, Zeng X. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents and visual impairment in schoolchildren: A population-based survey in Guangdong province, China. Environment International 2025;195:109270 View
  54. Chen Y, Hu C, Wu W, Lee R, Peng C, Yao T, Chang C, Chen H, Yeh K. Association of smartphone overuse and neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2025;101(1197):620 View
  55. 马 宇. Far-Image System Design Based on Head-Up Display. Applied Physics 2025;15(01):53 View
  56. AL Mulhim N, AlFares M, AlMehrij S, Al Haidar F, AlOmair M, AlMutairi R, Abalkhail R, Rafique N, Latif R, Al-Asoom L. Association of myopia with screen time use in pediatric patients in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. F1000Research 2025;14:148 View
  57. Batavisoaniatsy E, Rakotoarivelo Z, Razafindrakoto A, Rasoatsimbarivelo N, Rajaonatahina H, Rabenandrianina A. Biological Aspects of Multiple Myeloma in Pzaga Teaching Hospital Mahajanga, Western Madagascar. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT) 2024:3307 View
  58. Almahmoud O, Mahmmod K, Mohtaseb S, Totah N, Nijem D, Hammoudeh A. Assessment of digital eye strain and its associated factors among school children in Palestine. BMC Ophthalmology 2025;25(1) View
  59. Wu F, Tham Y, Sabanayagam C, Saw S. From evidence to action: Public health approaches to reducing screen time and mitigating myopia risk. Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 2025;14(2):100177 View
  60. 隋 林. Challenges and Paths of Internet Use for the Elderly in the Context of Healthy Aging. Aging Research 2025;12(02):182 View
  61. Shah M, Natarajan S, Ahmad N. Excessive screen time exposure leads to dry eyes and inflammatory conjunctivitis in children. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 2025;194(2):597 View
  62. Petrović J, Šuvaković U, Nikolić I. Sustainability of Remote Teaching in Serbia: Post-Pandemic Perspectives from Education Faculty Students. Sustainability 2025;17(6):2769 View
  63. Alijanzadeh M, Griffiths M, Abbasi M, Kakavand E, Khaleghi A, Mirfakhar S, Karimi F, Amini B, Zolfali A, Vaydar R, Moradi H, Allahverdilo O, Jafari E, Alimoradi Z. Prevalence of Vision Problems Among School-Entering Children and Association with Socio-Demographic Characteristics: An Iranian Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2025:1 View
  64. Mohammed M. Relation between smartphone use and change in intraocular pressure in children. The Pan-American Journal of Ophthalmology 2025;7(1) View
  65. Hrabec O, Slussareff M, Novotná A, Lukavská K. Media parenting strategies for Czech children aged 6–9 years. Children's Health Care 2025:1 View
  66. Oliveira L, Costa M, Pereira I, Tokumoto I, Moreira J, Freitas M, Sampaio C, Oliveira M, Bessa Junior J, Oliveira Neto H. Low Visual Acuity Among Children in Public Schools in the Northeast of Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2025 View
  67. Triolo G, Ivaldi D, Lombardo R, Quartarone A, Lo Buono V. Use of Smartphones and Wrist-Worn Devices for Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Commercially Available Technologies. Sensors 2025;25(12):3732 View
  68. Novikova I, Lobkis M, Romanenko S, Sorokina A. Assessment of the relationship between the use of digital devices and the transformation of the daily routine of schoolchildren. Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine 2025;28(6):74 View
  69. Bagde H, Srivastava R, Pradhan M. Smartphone Vision Syndrome—A Modern Ocular Health Challenge: A Review. Journal of Dentistry and Bio-Allied Health Sciences 2025;2(1):18 View
  70. Watanabe M, Hirota M, Takigawa R, Kato K, Ikeda Y. Objective Evaluation of Relationship Between Tear Film Stability and Visual Fatigue. Clinical Optometry 2025;Volume 17:175 View
  71. Rizzo R, Fusto G, Marino S, Castagnola I, Parano C, Pappalardo X, Parano E. Molecular and Neurobiological Imbalance from the Use of Technological Devices During Early Child Development Stages. Children 2025;12(7):909 View
  72. Mohammed M. Relation between smart phone use and change in intraocular pressure in children. Tanta Medical Journal 2025;53(3):302 View
  73. Lu Y, Yu C, Wang T, Lu T. Immediate effects of monocular viewing on lower-limb joint and endpoint kinematics during obstructed gait in young and older adults. Gait & Posture 2025;122:158 View
  74. De Azevedo L, Stephenson J, Hughes A, Retzler J, Reilly J, Fairclough S, Okely T, Jones D, Smith C, Greca J, Marr C. iKids study protocol: a longitudinal study to understand the impact of interactive electronic devices on the development and health of young children in England. BMJ Open 2025;15(7):e101523 View
  75. Islam F, Hosen A, Al Mahmud A, Fogt N. Association of lifestyle and behavioral factors with self-reported visual problems among schoolchildren in rural Bangladesh. PLOS One 2025;20(8):e0328541 View
  76. Li Z, Long Q, Hao M, Liu L, Weng Y, Yang C, Wu J, Huang B, Qiu J, Huang Y, Huang G. Discovery of factors associated with smartphone addiction among high school adolescents: Using machine learning and network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders 2026;392:120096 View
  77. Hu Z, Li X, Xiang Y. Intergenerational effects of parental childhood maltreatment on children’s smartphone addictive behavior: the mediating role of children’s perceived parental support and parental smartphone addictive behavior. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2025:1 View
  78. Liu S, Wu Y, Sun F, Zhou Y, Yin A. The moderating role of social support in the relationship between alexithymia and problematic smartphone use among Chinese depressed adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2025;16 View
  79. Deka K, Pranathi T, Nayak M, Krishnan S. Pattern of smartphone use and its influence on psychosocial features among health professional course scholars: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 2025 View
  80. Javed A, Mohsin S, Habib R, Malik U, Ahmad A. Prevalence and associated risk factors of visual impairment in school children: mHealth-based vision screening in government schools of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Frontiers in Medicine 2025;12 View
  81. Song S, Gao Y, Xue N, Zuo Y, Zou L, Yu W. Exercise duration and frequency: Critical components in mitigating smartphone addiction among university students. Cogent Psychology 2025;12(1) View
  82. Hauser R, Griffiths M, Matias D, Rawlings B. Cervical Oculopathy: The Cervical Spine Etiology of Visual Symptoms and Eye Diseases—A Hypothesis Exploring Mechanisms Linking the Neck and the Eye. Diagnostics 2025;15(20):2650 View
  83. Sheinov V, Ermak V. Relationships between Problematic Smartphone Use and Victimization, Vulnerability to Cyberbullying and Manipulation. RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 2023;20(4):730 View
  84. Zhang J, Zhao J, Zheng J, Zou Z, Liu Y, An M. Extraocular muscle-myokine-scleral remodeling axis: IL-6 trans-signaling as a novel mechanism in myopia development. Experimental Eye Research 2026;262:110740 View
  85. Deng Z, Tan Z, Zhang Y, Guo S, Ling L, Wang X, Zhao C, Wen W. Unhealthy Overuse of Electronic Devices is a Risk Factor for Acute Acquired Concomitant Esotropia: A Case-Control Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2025:1 View
  86. Sramek Z, Lokuge S, Sternat T, Katzman M, Yatani K. Beyond the Feature Level: A Cluster Analysis of Feature-Level Social Media Behaviour Patterns, Maladaptive Use, and Psychological Well-Being. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2025;9(4):1 View

Books/Policy Documents

  1. Thanzami V. Understanding Psychology in the Context of Relationship, Community, Workplace and Culture. View
  2. Kramer M. Believe It or Not. View
  3. Garg A, Singh A, Yanan J. Business Drivers in Promoting Digital Detoxification. View