Digital Support Interventions for the Self-Management of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review

Barbara I Nicholl   ^{1 *} , BSc, PGDip, PhD ;   Louise F Sandal   ^{2 *} , BSc, MSc, PhD ;   Mette J Stochkendahl   ^{2, 3} , MSc, PhD ;   Marianne McCallum   ¹ , BMedSci, MBChB, MRCGP ;   Nithya Suresh   ¹ , MBChB ;   Ottar Vasseljen   ⁴ , BSc, PhD ;   Jan Hartvigsen   ^{2, 3} , DC, PhD ;   Paul J Mork   ⁴ , MSc, PhD ;   Per Kjaer   ² , PT, MSc, PhD ;   Karen Søgaard   ² , MSc, PhD ;   Frances S Mair   ¹ , MBChB, MD, DRCOG, FRCGP

¹ General Practice & Primary Care, Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

² Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

³ Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark

⁴ Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway

*these authors contributed equally