Risk Estimates From an Online Risk Calculator Are More Believable and Recalled Better When Expressed as Integers

Holly O Witteman   ^{1, 2} , PhD ;   Brian J Zikmund-Fisher   ^{1, 2, 3, 4} , PhD ;   Erika A Waters   ⁵ , MPH, PhD ;   Teresa Gavaruzzi   ^{6, 7} , PhD ;   Angela Fagerlin   ^{1, 2, 8, 9} , PhD

¹ Program in Health Communication and Decision Making, Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

² Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

³ Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁴ Risk Science Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁵ Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States

⁶ Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

⁷ Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

⁸ VA Ann Arbor Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

⁹ Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States