This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Web-based and Mobile Health Interventions (3297) Engagement with and Adherence to Digital Health Interventions, Law of Attrition (491)
Impact and Costs of Incentives to Reduce Attrition in Online Trials: Two Randomized Controlled Trials

Impact and Costs of Incentives to Reduce Attrition in Online Trials: Two Randomized Controlled Trials

Impact and Costs of Incentives to Reduce Attrition in Online Trials: Two Randomized Controlled Trials

Authors of this article:

Zarnie Khadjesari1 ;   Elizabeth Murray1 Author Orcid Image ;   Eleftheria Kalaitzaki2 ;   Ian R. White3 ;   Jim McCambridge4 ;   Simon G. Thompson3 ;   Paul Wallace1 ;   Christine Godfrey5
Article Authors Cited by (89) Tweetations Metrics

Journals

  1. Randell R, Gulati A, Cook S, Martin C, Chen W, Jaeger E, Schoenborn A, Basta P, Dejong H, Luo J, Gallant M, Sandler R, Long M, Kappelman M. Collecting Biospecimens From an Internet-Based Prospective Cohort Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (CCFA Partners): A Feasibility Study. JMIR Research Protocols 2016;5(1):e3 View
  2. Lau A, Sintchenko V, Crimmins J, Magrabi F, Gallego B, Coiera E. Impact of a web-based personally controlled health management system on influenza vaccination and health services utilization rates: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2012;19(5):719 View
  3. Duke J, Davis K, Alexander R, MacMonegle A, Fraze J, Rodes R, Beistle D. Impact of a U.S. antismoking national media campaign on beliefs, cognitions and quit intentions. Health Education Research 2015;30(3):466 View
  4. Dirmaier J, Härter M, Weymann N. A tailored, dialogue-based health communication application for patients with chronic low back pain: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2013;13(1) View
  5. Chin A, Couper M, Beckett D. Attrition in a Longitudinal Online Randomized Controlled Trial with Prospective Homeowners. Field Methods 2021;33(1):3 View
  6. Lau A, Proudfoot J, Andrews A, Liaw S, Crimmins J, Arguel A, Coiera E. Which Bundles of Features in a Web-Based Personally Controlled Health Management System Are Associated With Consumer Help-Seeking Behaviors for Physical and Emotional Well-Being?. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(5):e79 View
  7. Crisp D, Griffiths K. Participating in Online Mental Health Interventions: Who Is Most Likely to Sign Up and Why?. Depression Research and Treatment 2014;2014:1 View
  8. Duncan E, Bennett T, Gillies K. Assessing effective interventions to improve trial retention: do they contain behaviour change techniques?. Trials 2020;21(1) View
  9. McCambridge J, Bendtsen P, Bendtsen M, Nilsen P. Alcohol email assessment and feedback study dismantling effectiveness for university students (AMADEUS-1): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13(1) View
  10. David M, Ware R. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials supports the use of incentives for inducing response to electronic health surveys. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2014;67(11):1210 View
  11. Arafa A, Anzengruber F, Mostafa A, Navarini A. Perspectives of online surveys in dermatology. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2019;33(3):511 View
  12. Bick D, Briley A, Brocklehurst P, Hardy P, Juszczak E, Lynch L, MacArthur C, Moore P, Nolan M, Rivero-Arias O, Sanders J, Shennan A, Wilson M. A multicentre, randomised controlled trial of position during the late stages of labour in nulliparous women with an epidural: clinical effectiveness and an economic evaluation (BUMPES). Health Technology Assessment 2017;21(65):1 View
  13. Morrison L, Moss‐Morris R, Michie S, Yardley L. Optimizing engagement with Internet‐based health behaviour change interventions: Comparison of self‐assessment with and without tailored feedback using a mixed methods approach. British Journal of Health Psychology 2014;19(4):839 View
  14. Perski O, Crane D, Beard E, Brown J. Does the addition of a supportive chatbot promote user engagement with a smoking cessation app? An experimental study. DIGITAL HEALTH 2019;5 View
  15. Brueton V, Tierney J, Stenning S, Rait G. Identifying additional studies for a systematic review of retention strategies in randomised controlled trials: making contact with trials units and trial methodologists. Systematic Reviews 2017;6(1) View
  16. Morgan A, Rapee R, Tamir E, Goharpey N, Salim A, McLellan L, Bayer J. Preventing anxiety problems in children with Cool Little Kids Online: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015;16(1) View
  17. Byrd-Bredbenner C, Delaney C, Martin-Biggers J, Koenings M, Quick V. The marketing plan and outcome indicators for recruiting and retaining parents in the HomeStyles randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1) View
  18. Warwick H, Hutyra C, Politzer C, Francis A, Risoli T, Green C, Verma N, Huettel S, Mather R. Small Social Incentives Did Not Improve the Survey Response Rate of Patients Who Underwent Orthopaedic Surgery: A Randomized Trial. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 2019;477(7):1648 View
  19. Dorling J, Hewer O, Hurd M, Bari V, Bosiak B, Bowler U, King A, Linsell L, Murray D, Omar O, Partlett C, Rounding C, Townend J, Abbott J, Berrington J, Boyle E, Embleton N, Johnson S, Leaf A, McCormick K, McGuire W, Patel M, Roberts T, Stenson B, Tahir W, Monahan M, Richards J, Rankin J, Juszczak E. Two speeds of increasing milk feeds for very preterm or very low-birthweight infants: the SIFT RCT. Health Technology Assessment 2020;24(18):1 View
  20. Martin V. Citizen Science as a Means for Increasing Public Engagement in Science. Science Communication 2017;39(2):142 View
  21. Spector N, Blegen M, Silvestre J, Barnsteiner J, Lynn M, Ulrich B, Fogg L, Alexander M. Transition to Practice Study in Hospital Settings. Journal of Nursing Regulation 2015;5(4):24 View
  22. Duke J, Nonnemaker J, Davis K, Watson K, Farrelly M. The Impact of Cessation Media Messages on Cessation-Related Outcomes: Results from a National Experiment of Smokers. American Journal of Health Promotion 2014;28(4):242 View
  23. Karekla M, Savvides S. Smoking cessation avatar-led Acceptance and Commitment Therapy digital intervention: feasibility and acceptability in young adults. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2021;11(1):198 View
  24. Morgan A, Rapee R, Bayer J. Increasing response rates to follow-up questionnaires in health intervention research: Randomized controlled trial of a gift card prize incentive. Clinical Trials 2017;14(4):381 View
  25. Robinson H, Appelbe D, Dodd S, Flowers S, Johnson S, Jones S, Mateus C, Mezes B, Murray E, Rainford N, Rosala-Hallas A, Walker A, Williamson P, Lobban F. Methodological Challenges in Web-Based Trials: Update and Insights From the Relatives Education and Coping Toolkit Trial. JMIR Mental Health 2020;7(7):e15878 View
  26. Bailey J, Webster R, Griffin M, Freemantle N, Hunter R, Rait G, Estcourt C, Anderson J, Gerressu M, Stephenson J, Michie S, Murray E. The Men’s Safer Sex Trial: A feasibility randomised controlled trial of an interactive digital intervention to increase condom use in men. DIGITAL HEALTH 2016;2 View
  27. Brueton V, Tierney J, Stenning S, Harding S, Meredith S, Nazareth I, Rait G. Strategies to improve retention in randomised trials. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013 View
  28. Memish K, Schüz N, Frandsen M, Ferguson S, Schüz B. Using Self-affirmation to Increase the Effects of Emotive Health Warnings on Smoking: A Randomized Exploratory Trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2016:ntw167 View
  29. Lobban F, Robinson H, Appelbe D, Barraclough J, Bedson E, Collinge L, Dodd S, Flowers S, Honary M, Johnson S, Mateus C, Mezes B, Minns V, Murray E, Walker A, Williamson P, Wintermeyer C, Jones S. Protocol for an online randomised controlled trial to evaluate the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a peer-supported self-management intervention for relatives of people with psychosis or bipolar disorder: Relatives Education And Coping Toolkit (REACT). BMJ Open 2017;7(7):e016965 View
  30. Mortimer N, Rhee J, Guy R, Hayen A, Lau A. A web-based personally controlled health management system increases sexually transmitted infection screening rates in young people: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 2015;22(4):805 View
  31. Honary M, Fisher N, McNaney R, Lobban F. A Web-Based Intervention for Relatives of People Experiencing Psychosis or Bipolar Disorder: Design Study Using a User-Centered Approach. JMIR Mental Health 2018;5(4):e11473 View
  32. White I, Kalaitzaki E, Thompson S. Allowing for missing outcome data and incomplete uptake of randomised interventions, with application to an Internet‐based alcohol trial. Statistics in Medicine 2011;30(27):3192 View
  33. Weymann N, Härter M, Dirmaier J. A tailored, interactive health communication application for patients with type 2 diabetes: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2013;13(1) View
  34. Rooke S, Copeland J, Norberg M, Hine D, McCambridge J. Effectiveness of a Self-Guided Web-Based Cannabis Treatment Program: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(2):e26 View
  35. Smit E, de Vries H, Hoving C. Effectiveness of a Web-Based Multiple Tailored Smoking Cessation Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among Dutch Adult Smokers. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(3):e82 View
  36. Cervantes R, Goldbach J, Santos S. Familia Adelante: A Multi-Risk Prevention Intervention for Latino Families. The Journal of Primary Prevention 2011;32(3-4):225 View
  37. Donoghue K, Patton R, Phillips T, Deluca P, Drummond C. The Effectiveness of Electronic Screening and Brief Intervention for Reducing Levels of Alcohol Consumption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2014;16(6):e142 View
  38. Lobban F, Akers N, Appelbe D, Iraci Capuccinello R, Chapman L, Collinge L, Dodd S, Flowers S, Hollingsworth B, Honary M, Johnson S, Jones S, Mateus C, Mezes B, Murray E, Panagaki K, Rainford N, Robinson H, Rosala-Hallas A, Sellwood W, Walker A, Williamson P. A web-based, peer-supported self-management intervention to reduce distress in relatives of people with psychosis or bipolar disorder: the REACT RCT. Health Technology Assessment 2020;24(32):1 View
  39. Mohr D, Burns M, Schueller S, Clarke G, Klinkman M. Behavioral Intervention Technologies: Evidence review and recommendations for future research in mental health. General Hospital Psychiatry 2013;35(4):332 View
  40. Zill J, Meyer B, Topp J, Daubmann A, Härter M, Dirmaier J. Vorvida: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of Internet-based self-help program for the reduction of alcohol consumption for adults. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16(1) View
  41. Bailey J, Pavlou M, Copas A, McCarthy O, Carswell K, Rait G, Hart G, Nazareth I, Free C, French R, Murray E. The Sexunzipped Trial: Optimizing the Design of Online Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(12):e278 View
  42. Elison S, Ward J, Williams C, Espie C, Davies G, Dugdale S, Ragan K, Chisnall L, Lidbetter N, Smith K. Feasibility of a UK community-based, eTherapy mental health service in Greater Manchester: repeated-measures and between-groups study of ‘Living Life to the Full Interactive’, ‘Sleepio’ and ‘Breaking Free Online’ at ‘Self Help Services’. BMJ Open 2017;7(7):e016392 View
  43. Brueton V, Stenning S, Stevenson F, Tierney J, Rait G. Best practice guidance for the use of strategies to improve retention in randomized trials developed from two consensus workshops. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2017;88:122 View
  44. Hardy P, Bell J, Brocklehurst P. Evaluation of the effects of an offer of a monetary incentive on the rate of questionnaire return during follow-up of a clinical trial: a randomised study within a trial. BMC Medical Research Methodology 2016;16(1) View
  45. Nicks B, Shah M, Adler D, Bastani A, Baugh C, Caterino J, Clark C, Diercks D, Hollander J, Malveau S, Nishijima D, Stiffler K, Storrow A, Wilber S, Yagapen A, Sun B. Minimizing Attrition for Multisite Emergency Care Research. Academic Emergency Medicine 2017;24(4):458 View
  46. Beintner I, Jacobi C, Taylor C. Participant adherence to the Internet-based prevention program StudentBodies™ for eating disorders — A review. Internet Interventions 2014;1(1):26 View
  47. Weymann N, Dirmaier J, von Wolff A, Kriston L, Härter M. Effectiveness of a Web-Based Tailored Interactive Health Communication Application for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes or Chronic Low Back Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(3):e53 View
  48. Geraghty A, Torres L, Leykin Y, Perez-Stable E, Munoz R. Understanding attrition from international internet health interventions: a step towards global eHealth. Health Promotion International 2013;28(3):442 View
  49. Brown M, O'Neill N, van Woerden H, Eslambolchilar P, Jones M, John A. Gamification and Adherence to Web-Based Mental Health Interventions: A Systematic Review. JMIR Mental Health 2016;3(3):e39 View
  50. Lumsden J, Skinner A, Coyle D, Lawrence N, Munafo M. Attrition from Web-Based Cognitive Testing: A Repeated Measures Comparison of Gamification Techniques. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(11):e395 View
  51. Perski O, Blandford A, West R, Michie S. Conceptualising engagement with digital behaviour change interventions: a systematic review using principles from critical interpretive synthesis. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2017;7(2):254 View
  52. Murray E, White I, Varagunam M, Godfrey C, Khadjesari Z, McCambridge J. Attrition Revisited: Adherence and Retention in a Web-Based Alcohol Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(8):e162 View
  53. Perski O, Lumsden J, Garnett C, Blandford A, West R, Michie S. Assessing the Psychometric Properties of the Digital Behavior Change Intervention Engagement Scale in Users of an App for Reducing Alcohol Consumption: Evaluation Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2019;21(11):e16197 View
  54. Deluca P, Coulton S, Alam M, Boniface S, Donoghue K, Gilvarry E, Kaner E, Lynch E, Maconochie I, McArdle P, McGovern R, Newbury-Birch D, Patton R, Pellatt-Higgins T, Phillips C, Phillips T, Pockett R, Russell I, Strang J, Drummond C. Screening and brief interventions for adolescent alcohol use disorders presenting through emergency departments: a research programme including two RCTs. Programme Grants for Applied Research 2020;8(2):1 View
  55. Hochheimer C, Sabo R, Krist A, Day T, Cyrus J, Woolf S. Methods for Evaluating Respondent Attrition in Web-Based Surveys. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18(11):e301 View
  56. Essex H, White I, Khadjesari Z, Linke S, McCambridge J, Murray E, Parrott S, Godfrey C. Quality of life among hazardous and harmful drinkers: EQ-5D over a 1-year follow-up period. Quality of Life Research 2014;23(2):733 View
  57. Bailey J, Webster R, Hunter R, Griffin M, Freemantle N, Rait G, Estcourt C, Michie S, Anderson J, Stephenson J, Gerressu M, Ang C, Murray E. The Men’s Safer Sex project: intervention development and feasibility randomised controlled trial of an interactive digital intervention to increase condom use in men. Health Technology Assessment 2016;20(91):1 View
  58. Bendtsen P, McCambridge J, Bendtsen M, Karlsson N, Nilsen P. Effectiveness of a Proactive Mail-Based Alcohol Internet Intervention for University Students: Dismantling the Assessment and Feedback Components in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14(5):e142 View
  59. Bailey J, Mann S, Wayal S, Hunter R, Free C, Abraham C, Murray E. Sexual health promotion for young people delivered via digital media: a scoping review. Public Health Research 2015;3(13):1 View
  60. Sin J, Henderson C, Norman I. USABILITY OF ONLINE PSYCHOEDUCATION FOR SIBLINGS OF PEOPLE WITH PSYCHOSIS. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2014;30(4):374 View
  61. Linardon J, Shatte A, Rosato J, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M. Efficacy of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral intervention for eating disorder psychopathology delivered through a smartphone app: a randomized controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 2022;52(9):1679 View
  62. Deluca P, Coulton S, Alam M, Boniface S, Cohen D, Donoghue K, Gilvarry E, Kaner E, Maconochie I, McArdle P, McGovern R, Newbury-Birch D, Patton R, Pellatt-Higgins T, Phillips C, Phillips T, Pockett R, Russell I, Strang J, Drummond C. Brief interventions to prevent excessive alcohol use in adolescents at low-risk presenting to Emergency Departments: Three-arm, randomised trial of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. International Journal of Drug Policy 2021;93:103113 View
  63. Hall C, Sanderson C, Brown B, Andrén P, Bennett S, Chamberlain L, Davies E, Khan K, Kouzoupi N, Mataix-Cols D, McKenzie C, Murphy T, Townsend M, Hollis C, Murray E. Opportunities and challenges of delivering digital clinical trials: lessons learned from a randomised controlled trial of an online behavioural intervention for children and young people. Trials 2020;21(1) View
  64. Gillies K, Kearney A, Keenan C, Treweek S, Hudson J, Brueton V, Conway T, Hunter A, Murphy L, Carr P, Rait G, Manson P, Aceves-Martins M. Strategies to improve retention in randomised trials. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021;2021(4) View
  65. Wong C, Song W, Jiao M, O’Brien E, Ubel P, Wang G, Scales C. Strategies for research participant engagement: A synthetic review and conceptual framework. Clinical Trials 2021;18(4):457 View
  66. Johansson M, Berman A, Sinadinovic K, Lindner P, Hermansson U, Andréasson S. Effects of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Harmful Alcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence as Self-help or With Therapist Guidance: Three-Armed Randomized Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(11):e29666 View
  67. Hübner S, Haijen E, Kaelen M, Carhart-Harris R, Kettner H. Turn on, Tune in, and Drop out: Predictors of Attrition in a Prospective Observational Cohort Study on Psychedelic Use. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2021;23(7):e25973 View
  68. Dunn A, Alvarez J, Arbon A, Bremner S, Elsby-Pearson C, Emsley R, Jones C, Lawrence P, Lester K, Majdandžić M, Morson N, Perry N, Simner J, Cartwright-Hatton S, Thomson A. Investigating the effect of providing monetary incentives to participants on completion rates of referred co-respondents: An embedded randomized controlled trial. Study within a trial (SWAT) protocol. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2023;32:101090 View
  69. Gkekas A, Evans A, Parker A, Ronaldson S, Torgerson D. A systematic review of economic evaluations alongside studies within a trial (SWATs) for improving recruitment and retention in randomised controlled trials. Research Methods in Medicine & Health Sciences 2023;4(3):94 View
  70. Ashford M, Camacho M, Jin C, Eichenbaum J, Ulbricht A, Alaniz R, Van De Mortel L, Sorce J, Aaronson A, Parmar S, Flenniken D, Fockler J, Truran D, Mackin R, Rivera Mindt M, Morlett‐Paredes A, González H, Mayeda E, Weiner M, Nosheny R. Digital culturally tailored marketing for enrolling Latino participants in a web‐based registry: Baseline metrics from the Brain Health Registry. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2023;19(5):1714 View
  71. Chenery E, Henaff M, Magnusson K, Harms N, Mandrak N, Molnár P. Improving Widescale Monitoring of Ectoparasite Presence in Northern Canadian Wildlife with the Aid of Citizen Science. Insects 2022;13(4):380 View
  72. Zeibig J, Seiffer B, Frei A, Takano K, Sudeck G, Rösel I, Hautzinger M, Wolf S. Long-term efficacy of exercise across diagnostically heterogenous mental disorders and the mediating role of affect regulation skills. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2023;64:102340 View
  73. Grigg J, Manning V, Lockie D, Giles M, Bell R, Stragalinos P, Bernard C, Volpe I, Greenwood C, Smith L, Bragge P, Lubman D. A Brief Intervention for Improving Alcohol Literacy and Addressing Harmful Alcohol Use Among Women Attending an Australian Breast Screening Service (Health4her): Protocol for a Hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation Trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2023;12:e44867 View
  74. Spennemann D. Persistence and Attrition among Participants in a Multi-Page Online Survey Recruited via Reddit’s Social Media Network. Social Sciences 2022;11(2):31 View
  75. Pinto da Costa M, Phone Pal Advisory Groups . Volunteering via Smart-Phone for People With Psychosis—Protocol of a Feasibility Trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry 2021;12 View
  76. Juszczak E, Hewer O, Partlett C, Hurd M, Bari V, Bowler U, Linsell L, Dorling J, Berrington J, Boyle E, Embleton N, Johnson S, Juszczak E, King A, Leaf A, McCormick K, McGuire W, Murray D, Roberts T, Stenson B. Evaluation of the effectiveness of an incentive strategy on the questionnaire response rate in parents of premature babies: a randomised controlled Study Within A Trial (SWAT) nested within SIFT. Trials 2021;22(1) View
  77. Ali K, Fassnacht D, Farrer L, Rieger E, Moessner M, Bauer S, Griffiths K. Recruitment, adherence and attrition challenges in internet-based indicated prevention programs for eating disorders: lessons learned from a randomised controlled trial of ProYouth OZ. Journal of Eating Disorders 2022;10(1) View
  78. Bjertrup A, Væver M, Miskowiak K. Prediction of postpartum depression with an online neurocognitive risk screening tool for pregnant women. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2023;73:36 View
  79. Ye A, Gray E, Bennis S, Rho M, Hwang S. Physical medicine & rehabilitation residents' perspectives on women's musculoskeletal health. PM&R 2023;15(11):1436 View
  80. Edwards P, Roberts I, Clarke M, DiGuiseppi C, Woolf B, Perkins C. Methods to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023;2023(11) View
  81. Niu X, Utayde M, Sanders K, Denis D, Kensinger E, Payne J. Age-related positivity effect in emotional memory consolidation from middle age to late adulthood. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2024;18 View
  82. Krukowski R, Ross K, Western M, Cooper R, Busse H, Forbes C, Kuntsche E, Allmeta A, Silva A, John-Akinola Y, König L. Digital health interventions for all? Examining inclusivity across all stages of the digital health intervention research process. Trials 2024;25(1) View
  83. Dunn A, Alvarez J, Arbon A, Bremner S, Elsby-Pearson C, Emsley R, Jones C, Lawrence P, Lester K, Morson N, Perry N, Simner J, Thomson A, Cartwright-Hatton S. Investigating the effect of providing monetary incentives to participants on completion rates of referred co-respondents: An embedded randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications 2024;38:101267 View
  84. Heckman C, Mitarotondo A, Lin Y, Khavjou O, Riley M, Manne S, Yaroch A, Niu Z, Glanz K. Digital Interventions to Modify Skin Cancer Risk Behaviors in a National Sample of Young Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2024;26:e55831 View
  85. Guest E, Halliwell E, Mathews A, Alleva J, Harcourt D. More than my Appearance: a pilot evaluation of the Expand Your Horizon online functionality-based writing programme for adults with visible differences. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 2024;12(1) View
  86. Brueton V, Tierney J, Stenning S, Meredith S, Harding S, Nazareth I, Rait G. Strategies to improve retention in randomised trials: a Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2014;4(2):e003821 View
  87. Milson R, Madigan D. Picture Perfect. Journal of Media Psychology 2024 View