Journal of Medical Internet Research

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Peer Review of “Development and Content Validity of the Handwashing Index (Preprint)”

The study [1] aims to develop and validate a tool for measuring the frequency of handwashing behavior to improve hygiene practices. Such practices are critical for preventing diseases (especially those transmitted via fecal-oral or nasal routes), and as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, handwashing plays a crucial role in the prevention of infection. The primary goal of the study was to create a handwashing index (HWI) to effectively track handwashing frequency habits.

Vanessa Fairhurst, Monira Sarmin, Sayan Mitra, Olajumoke Ope Oladoyin, Paul Hassan Ilegbusi, Toba Olatoye, Katherine McNeill

JMIRx Med 2024;5:e67587

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Assessing the Effectiveness of a Multicomponent Intervention on Hand Hygiene and Well-Being in Primary Health Care Centers and Schools Lacking Functional Water Supply in Protracted Conflict Settings: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Observers usually worked in the health care centers in a different role, and they visited the facility under the pretext of performing their usual role and did not declare that they were observing handwashing. Hence, the handwashing observations were conducted covertly. The observers were equipped with an observation tool programmed in Open Data Kit Central (version 2022.3.1) on their smartphone.

Anaïs Galli, Yaman Ma'ani Abuzahra, Carola Bänziger, Aboubacar Ballo, Max N D Friedrich, Karin Gross, Miriam Harter, Jan Hattendorf, Maryna Peter, Andrea Tamas, Branwen N Owen, Mirko S Winkler

JMIR Res Protoc 2024;13:e52959

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Prevalence of COVID-19 Mitigation Behaviors in US Adults (August-December 2020): Nationwide Household Probability Survey

Based on a prior study examining handwashing effectiveness at preventing seasonal coronavirus [22], we categorized handwashing and hand sanitizer use as 0-5 times per day (the prior study referent group), 6-10 times per day (the prior study effective intervention group), and ≥11 times per day (the prior study intervention group that was not effective). For dichotomous analyses, those in the categories of 6-10 and ≥11 times per day were defined as frequently practicing hand hygiene.

Travis Sanchez, Eric Hall, Aaron J Siegler, Radhika Prakash-Asrani, Heather Bradley, Mansour Fahimi, Benjamin Lopman, Nicole Luisi, Kristin N Nelson, Charles Sailey, Kayoko Shioda, Mariah Valentine-Graves, Patrick S Sullivan

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023;9:e37102

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An Analysis of Power Dynamics Affecting Handwashing Interventions in Sierra Leone: Findings From a Qualitative Participatory Study

Handwashing is considered an effective and cost-efficient means of preventing transmission of bacterial and viral contamination associated with diarrheal and respiratory infections [1-3]. However, with an overall low prevalence of handwashing, especially in rural areas, diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections continue to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Sierra Leone [4], making handwashing an urgent topic for public health.

Hanna Luetke Lanfer, Nicola Brew-Sam, Constanze Rossmann

JMIR Form Res 2023;7:e39226

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Influence of Health Beliefs on Adherence to COVID-19 Preventative Practices: International, Social Media–Based Survey Study

To assess which country performed more handwashing and social distancing practices, countries were analyzed together in multivariate analyses, with each country coded as a key independent dichotomous variable, adjusting for gender, age, education, and reduced income. Countries were also analyzed separately with multivariable logistic regressions to examine the association of HBM constructs with two main outcomes: handwashing and social distancing practices.

Julianna C Hsing, Jasmin Ma, Alejandra Barrero-Castillero, Shilpa G Jani, Uma Palam Pulendran, Bea-Jane Lin, Monika Thomas-Uribe, C Jason Wang

J Med Internet Res 2021;23(2):e23720

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Use of Technology to Access Health Information/Services and Subsequent Association With WASH (Water Access, Sanitation, and Hygiene) Knowledge and Behaviors Among Women With Children Under 2 Years of Age in Indonesia: Cross-sectional Study

Knowledge and behavior of respondents related to WASH were assessed by asking respondents to identify benefits of proper handwashing using soap (options include prevent germ transmission, reduce diarrhea, and prevent infection), 5 critical handwashing times (options include after defecation, after cleaning baby who defecated, before preparing meals, before eating meals, and before breastfeeding), when they used soap while handwashing in the previous 24 hours (options include after defecation, after cleaning

Heidi Jane Niedfeldt, Emmalene Beckstead, Emily Chahalis, Mindy Jensen, Britton Reher, Scott Torres, Cut Novianti Rachmi, Hafizah Jusril, Cougar Hall, Joshua H West, Benjamin T Crookston