e.g. mhealth
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However, with the increase in public accessibility of internet-based studies comes a potential increase in poor quality or false participants, ranging from careless respondents who respond with insufficient effort [4] to malicious responses such as automated attacks in the form of computer-programmed bots [5,6].
Bots can be fully automated to target internet-based research via automated malware or malicious algorithms [7], or they may be “hybrid” where there is an element of human control.
Interact J Med Res 2025;14:e60548
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Apart from the spread of misinformation—false information disseminated without the intent to deceive—fueled by the uncertainty of pandemic developments and negative emotions on social media [15], it has been suggested that the issue of COVID-19 pandemic has also been “hijacked” and used by disinformation campaigns conducted for monetary [16] or political purposes [17].
JMIR Infodemiology 2025;5:e62913
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Although various definitions of information credibility [3] and noncredible information, including disinformation or misinformation, exist [4], there remains a lack of a clear definition for false information. In some instances, the literature uses the term “medical fake news” [5], which is defined as “news that is intentionally false and could mislead readers” and “information discrepant with medical knowledge” [6]. The primary objective of such misinformation is to manipulate and shape public opinion.
J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e48130
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