Journal of Medical Internet Research

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Seasonal Variation in Conjunctivitis in Saudi Arabia and Reduction of Searches During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of Google Trends Data

Cosinor analysis confirmed a statistically significant seasonal pattern in the relative search volume for conjunctivitis (amplitude=7.57, phase month=2.7, and low-point month=8.7; P Cosinor model plot for conjunctivitis seasonality in Google Trends search volume in Saudi Arabia for the Arabic word for “conjunctivitis” for the period from January 2011 to December 2019. This study shows that there is significant seasonality in the search volume for conjunctivitis.

Abdulaziz S AlHarthi

JMIR Form Res 2025;9:e73845

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Use of Large Language Models to Classify Epidemiological Characteristics in Synthetic and Real-World Social Media Posts About Conjunctivitis Outbreaks: Infodemiology Study

Ocular conditions, particularly conjunctivitis, are frequently discussed on social media platforms [14-18], presumably due to their visible nature, contagious potential, and burden on daily life [46]. Timeseries counts of social media posts about conjunctivitis can be used for timeseries-based detection of outbreaks [14,25,28].

Michael S Deiner, Russell Y Deiner, Cherie Fathy, Natalie A Deiner, Vagelis Hristidis, Stephen D McLeod, Thomas J Bukowski, Thuy Doan, Gerami D Seitzman, Thomas M Lietman, Travis C Porco

J Med Internet Res 2025;27:e65226

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Use of Large Language Models to Assess the Likelihood of Epidemics From the Content of Tweets: Infodemiology Study

Recently, a study of a COVID-19 variant identified in 2023 that caused febrile illness and respiratory symptoms in children found conjunctivitis in 42.8% of the individuals who were affected [8,9]. The usual process of monitoring conjunctivitis outbreaks through individual case identification is costly; moreover, conjunctivitis is not, in general, a reportable disease in the United States (although gonococcal cause is reportable [10]).

Michael S Deiner, Natalie A Deiner, Vagelis Hristidis, Stephen D McLeod, Thuy Doan, Thomas M Lietman, Travis C Porco

J Med Internet Res 2024;26:e49139

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A Google Trends Approach to Identify Distinct Diurnal and Day-of-Week Web-Based Search Patterns Related to Conjunctivitis and Other Common Eye Conditions: Infodemiology Study

Web-based search or social media data also can reflect seasonal or emerging clinical eye disease patterns and conjunctivitis epidemics on relatively long timescales, including the impact of other factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic [8,23,38-43].

Michael S S Deiner, Gurbani Kaur, Stephen D McLeod, Julie M Schallhorn, James Chodosh, Daniel H Hwang, Thomas M Lietman, Travis C Porco

J Med Internet Res 2022;24(7):e27310

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Sustained Reductions in Online Search Interest for Communicable Eye and Other Conditions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infodemiology Study

In our prior study, searches for English-language conjunctivitis- and pink eye–related terms in March and April 2020 were lower compared with those in prior years. We had conjectured that one cause of these search trend results could be that implementation of school closures and social distancing starting in March 2020 had reduced the incidence of contagious conjunctivitis cases, resulting in reduced information-seeking about conjunctivitis [5].

Michael S Deiner, Gerami D Seitzman, Gurbani Kaur, Stephen D McLeod, James Chodosh, Thomas M Lietman, Travis C Porco

JMIR Infodemiology 2022;2(1):e31732

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Conurbation, Urban, and Rural Living as Determinants of Allergies and Infectious Diseases: Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre Annual Report 2016-2017

We divided infections into lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), comprising acute bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy; URTIs, including tonsillitis, common cold, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and otitis media; acute gastroenteritis (AGE); and UTI. We did not include influenza-like illness in this analysis, although data about these illnesses are contained in the annual report (Multimedia Appendix 1), as we plan a separate analysis taking into account vaccine exposure.

Simon de Lusignan, Christopher McGee, Rebecca Webb, Mark Joy, Rachel Byford, Ivelina Yonova, Mariya Hriskova, Filipa Matos Ferreira, Alex J Elliot, Gillian Smith, Imran Rafi

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018;4(4):e11354

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Incidence of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and Atopic Conditions in Boys and Young Male Adults: Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre Annual Report 2015-2016

We also grouped together URTI and conjunctivitis, as the latter is generally secondary to nasal obstruction. Finally, we grouped together asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) as atopic respiratory conditions. This left 13 conditions to consider in detail.

Simon de Lusignan, Ana Correa, Richard Pebody, Ivelina Yonova, Gillian Smith, Rachel Byford, Sameera Rankiri Pathirannehelage, Christopher McGee, Alex J. Elliot, Mariya Hriskova, Filipa IM Ferreira, Imran Rafi, Simon Jones

JMIR Public Health Surveill 2018;4(2):e49

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