This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Mobile Health (mhealth) (2939) mHealth for Wellness, Behavior Change and Prevention (2871) Prevention and Health Promotion (986) Innovations and Technology for Cancer Prevention and Screening (147) Mobile Apps for Cancer Care and Cancer Prevention and Screening (206)

Published on in Vol 19, No 9 (2017): September

Photoaging Mobile Apps in School-Based Melanoma Prevention: Pilot Study

Photoaging Mobile Apps in School-Based Melanoma Prevention: Pilot Study

Photoaging Mobile Apps in School-Based Melanoma Prevention: Pilot Study

Authors of this article:

Titus Josef Brinker1, 2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Christian Martin Brieske1, 3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Christoph Matthias Schaefer1, 3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Fabian Buslaff2, 3 Author Orcid Image ;   Martina Gatzka5 Author Orcid Image ;   Maximilian Philip Petri1, 3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Wiebke Sondermann1, 3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Dirk Schadendorf1, 3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Ingo Stoffels1, 3, 4 Author Orcid Image ;   Joachim Klode1, 3, 4 Author Orcid Image
Article Authors Cited by (19) Tweetations (19) Metrics

    Original Paper

    1Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    2Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    3German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany

    4West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    5Department of Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

    Corresponding Author:

    Titus Josef Brinker, MD

    Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology

    University-Hospital Essen

    University of Duisburg-Essen

    Hufelandstrasse 55

    Essen, 45147

    Germany

    Phone: 49 +4915175984347

    Email: titus.brinker@gmail.com


    Background: Around 90% of melanomas are caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and are therefore eminently preventable. Tanning behavior is mostly initiated in early adolescence, often with the belief that it increases attractiveness; the problems related to malignant melanoma and other skin cancers are too far in the future to fathom. Given the substantial amount of time children and adolescents spend in schools, as well as with their mobile phones, addressing melanoma prevention via both of these ways is crucial. However, no school-based intervention using mobile apps has been evaluated to date. We recently released a photoaging mobile app, in which a selfie is altered to predict future appearance dependent on UV protection behavior and skin type.

    Objective: In this pilot study, we aimed to use mobile phone technology to improve school-based melanoma prevention and measure its preliminary success in different subgroups of students with regard to their UV protection behavior, Fitzpatrick skin type and age.

    Methods: We implemented a free photoaging mobile phone app (Sunface) in 2 German secondary schools via a method called mirroring. We “mirrored” the students’ altered 3-dimensional (3D) selfies reacting to touch on mobile phones or tablets via a projector in front of their whole grade. Using an anonymous questionnaire capturing sociodemographic data as well as risk factors for melanoma we then measured their perceptions of the intervention on a 5-point Likert scale among 205 students of both sexes aged 13-19 years (median 15 years).

    Results: We measured more than 60% agreement in both items that measured motivation to reduce UV exposure and only 12.5% disagreement: 126 (63.0%) agreed or strongly agreed that their 3D selfie motivated them to avoid using a tanning bed, and 124 (61.7%) to increase use of sun protection. However, only 25 (12.5%) disagreed with both items. The perceived effect on motivation was increased in participants with Fitzpatrick skin types 1-2 in both tanning bed avoidance (n=74, 71.8% agreement in skin types 1-2 vs n=50, 53.8% agreement in skin types 3-6) and increased use of sun protection (n=70, 68.0% agreement in skin types 1-2 vs n=52, 55.3% agreement in skin types 3-6), and also positively correlated with higher age.

    Conclusions: We present a novel way of integrating photoaging in school-based melanoma prevention that affects the students’ peer group, considers the predictors of UV exposure in accordance with the theory of planned behavior, and is particularly effective in changing behavioral predictors in fair-skinned adolescents (Fitzpatrick skin types 1-2). Further research is required to evaluate the intervention’s prospective effects on adolescents of various cultural backgrounds.

    J Med Internet Res 2017;19(9):e319

    doi:10.2196/jmir.8661

    Keywords

    melanoma; skin cancer; prevention; mobile apps; smartphones; photoaging; schools; secondary schools; adolescents 


    Skin cancer is the most common malignancy in fair-skinned populations, with melanoma incidence being the highest in New Zealand and Australia (50 and 48 per 100,000 population, respectively) and projected to increase in European countries such as the United Kingdom (from 17 to 36 per 100,000 population) between 2007-2011 and 2022-2026 [1].

    Around 90% of melanomas are caused by ultraviolet (UV) exposure and are therefore eminently preventable [2]. Recent data suggest that especially groups with a low genetic risk benefit from UV protection [3,4] and underline the importance of aggressive prevention strategies for young target groups regarding indoor [5] and outdoor [6] UV exposure.

    Unhealthy behavior in regard to UV exposure is mostly initiated in early adolescence [7], often with the idea that a tan increases attractiveness [8-10]; the problems related to malignant melanoma and skin atrophy are too far in the future to fathom. Given the substantial amount of time children and adolescents spend in schools, addressing skin cancer prevention in this setting is crucial and provides a unique opportunity to implement melanoma prevention programs [11]. In an attempt to reduce UV exposure, recent experimental studies designed for young target groups aimed at promoting sunscreen use as an end point [12-15] and others used different UV protection behaviors (including avoiding sunbeds) or behavior scores [9,16-23].

    Appearance-based approaches were evaluated as superior to health-based approaches in a school-based randomized trial [12], which underlines the well-understood importance of self-perceived appearance for adolescent self-esteem [24,25].

    Photoaging interventions specifically, in which a self-portrait (ie, a selfie) is altered to predict future appearance, indicated effectiveness in various behavioral change settings, including smoking cessation [26-28] or prevention [29-33], weight loss [34], and in recent years also in UV protection interventions [35-38].

    We recently introduced the free mobile app Sunface, which takes advantage of the broad availability of smartphones and adolescents’ interest in their appearance by photoaging and 3-dimensional (3D) animation of the users’ selfie based on Fitzpatrick skin type and individual UV protection behavior [39]. Afterward, the app explains the visual results, provides guideline recommendations on sun protection plus the ABCDE rule for melanoma self-detection (assess border irregularity, color variety, diameter, and evolution [40]), and offers sharing options via photo or video (Multimedia Appendix 1).

    To integrate this photoaging app for melanoma prevention in the school-based setting and to investigate how it would be perceived by adolescents who are most amenable to appearance-based interventions [24], we tested its effectiveness by the use of the mirroring approach in a pilot study. Mirroring means that the students’ altered 3D selfies on mobile phones or tablets were “mirrored” via a projector in front of the whole grade. This approach was previously introduced by our group in the tobacco prevention setting [30].


    Participants

    We included a total sample of 205 German secondary school students of both sexes in the age group of 13-19 years in our cross-sectional pilot study (median 15 years, SD 1.36; 111/205, 54.1% male; 93/205, 45.9% female) attending the two most common school types in Germany (grammar school: n=136, 66.4%; general comprehensive school: n=69, 33.6%). Almost all participants (201/205, 98.5%) owned a smartphone.

    From a risk profile standpoint, 50.7% (104/205) of the participants had a Fitzpatrick skin type of 1 or 2 [41]; current sunbed use was reported by 5.9% (12/205) [42], and 77.0% (157/205) remembered having at least one sunburn in the past [43].

    Intervention

    The mirroring approach was implemented by medical students from the Education Against Tobacco nonprofit organization attending the University of Essen in Germany [31,44]. To increase familiarity with the photoaging app (called Sunface) and students’ participation in the mirroring intervention, students were asked to download the app before our visit, via a letter 1 week in advance. By this means, 36.3% (74/205) had the app on their mobile phones when we visited the schools.

    In the first 15-minute phase, we used the displayed face of one student volunteer to show the app’s altering features to the peer group, providing an incentive for the rest of the class to test the app. In front of their peers and teachers, students could interact with their own animated face via touch (coughing, sneezing, etc) and display their future self based on their skin type (Figure 1) or use of sun protection (Figure 2) or tanning beds (Figure 3) at 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 years in the future. Multiple device displays can be projected simultaneously, which we used to consolidate the altering measures with graphics (eg, to explain skin atrophy and solar elastosis). We implemented mirroring with a Galaxy Tab A tablet computer (Samsung, Seoul, South Korea) via Apple’s AirPlay interface (Apple Inc) using the app Mirroring360 (Splashtop Inc) for the Android operating system (Google Inc).

    ‎
    Figure 1. Start of the app: the user picks their Fitzpatrick skin type.
    View this figure
    ‎
    Figure 2. Effect view of the app: 25 years of aging with applied sun protection.
    View this figure
    ‎
    Figure 3. Effect view of the app: weekly tanning for 25 years (maximum effect) with a total of 3 actinic keratoses visible, multiple solar lentigines, age spots, and prominent solar elastosis.
    View this figure

    In the second 15-minute phase, we encouraged students to try the app on their own device or one of the tablet computers provided for students who did not own a smartphone or did not download the app. Both the provided tablet computers and the students’ own smartphones were connected to the projector.

    Data Collection

    We gathered the students’ sociodemographic data (sex, age, school type) and their risk profile (skin type, sex, age, sunburn in the past, sunbed use) directly after the intervention via an anonymous survey. We captured their reactions toward the intervention via 6 items on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from 1=strongly agree to 5=strongly disagree): (1) change of intentions (2 items: indoor vs outdoor tanning); and (2) perceived reactions of the peer group on change in attractiveness (2 items: indoor vs outdoor tanning), whether they perceived the intervention as fun (1 item), and perceived effects of the app as realistic (1 item). The items have been previously used in other published studies [30,45] and were pretested in advance in accordance with the guidelines for good epidemiologic practice [46].

    Ethics Approval

    The study received ethics approval from the ethics committee at the University of Essen (17-7587-BO).


    We analyzed all data for the group as a whole (Figure 4) but also to learn about how well the app was received by different Fitzpatrick skin types (Figure 5), sex (Figure 6), and age groups (Figure 7). All figures are based on the data provided in Multimedia Appendix 2 and give total numbers rather than percentages to adjust for the 5-point Likert scale design of the items.

    ‎
    Figure 4. Overall results of the whole sample. 3D: 3-dimensional.
    View this figure
    ‎
    Figure 5. Results by Fitzpatrick skin types (st): 1-2 vs 3-6. 3D: 3-dimensional.
    View this figure
    ‎
    Figure 6. Results by sex: females vs males. 3D: 3-dimensional.
    View this figure
    ‎
    Figure 7. Results by age group: 13-16 years vs 17-19 years. 3D: 3-dimensional.
    View this figure

    Realism of the Created Selfies

    In our sample, we measured overall agreement with the subjective realism of the created selfies (72/202, 35.6% strongly agreed or agreed on realism, while n=44, 21.8% disagreed or strongly disagreed, and 42.6% (n=86) were not sure; Figure 4). These results varied notably in males (n=49, 44.5% agreement; n=21, 19.1% disagreement) versus females (n=23, 25.3% agreement; n=23, 25.3% disagreement; Figure 6) but not in other subgroups.

    Motivation to Reduce Ultraviolet Exposure

    We measured more than 60% agreement in both items that measured motivation to reduce UV exposure and only 12.5% disagreement (n=126, 63.0% agreed or strongly agreed that their 3D selfie motivated them to avoid the tanning bed and n=124, 61.7% to increase use of sun protection). Only 25 (12.5%) disagreed or strongly disagreed with this item and with increased use of sun protection in our sample. The perceived effect on motivation was larger in participants with Fitzpatrick skin types 1-2 in both tanning bed avoidance (n=74, 71.8% agreement in skin types 1-2 vs n=50, 53.8% agreement in skin types 3-6) and increased use of sun protection (n=70, 68.0% agreement in skin types 1-2 vs n=52, 55.3% agreement in skin types 3-6; Figure 5), and also positively correlated with higher age (Figure 7, Multimedia Appendix 2).

    Perceived Subjective Norm During the Mirroring Intervention

    The 2 items measuring the reactions of the peer group toward the individual selfie showed positive peer pressure in regard to both use of sun protection (n=117, 57.9%) and tanning bed avoidance (n=142, 72.1%; Figure 4). The subjective norm on decreasing UV exposure in order to look more attractive was perceived by a higher percentage of participants with Fitzpatrick skin types 1-2 than types 3-6, especially for tanning beds (Figure 5, Multimedia Appendix 2).

    Global Feedback

    A majority of participants claimed that they perceived the intervention as fun (n=103, 51.2% agreement vs n=14, 7.0% disagreement), and the fraction agreeing that the intervention was fun was at least two times larger than the fraction disagreeing throughout all subgroups. However, this perception was notably more prevalent in male participants (n=64, 59.3%) than in female participants (n=39, 42.4%; Figure 6). A total of 79 (39.1%) of participants reported that they would try the app again later on and 57 (28.4%) planned to show the app to another person after school (Multimedia Appendix 2).


    While multiple planned and completed trials on skin cancer prevention apps have been indexed in PubMed [47-51], to our knowledge this is the first implementation of an app-based intervention to prevent melanoma in the school setting.

    Our data suggest that such an intervention is effective in changing the predictors of behavior in young risk groups and introduces a way of yielding peer-group effects in accordance with the theory of planned behavior.

    Interpretation

    Available data on appearance-based behavioral change settings reveal that photoaging interventions appear to be more effective for girls [31]. In our sample, the female participants perceived the intervention as less realistic in comparison with males (n=23, 25.3% agreement vs n=23, 25.3% disagreement for females) versus males (n=49, 44.5% agreement vs n=21, 19.1% disagreement; Figure 6). However, it is notable that the relatively low perception of realism by both sexes was not accompanied by low scores in the global feedback, motivation to change behavior, or subjective norm categories. Even though the questionnaires were anonymous, which reduces confounding effects in surveys, we cannot entirely rule out that the self-reported data may have been influenced by a social desirability bias.

    Previous publications stressed the relevance of targeting especially fair-skinned individuals with Fitzpatrick skin type of 1 or 2, as these are less protected against UV radiation and thus have a significantly greater risk for skin cancer [1]. In our sample, the perceived effect on motivation was larger in participants with Fitzpatrick skin types 1-2 in both tanning bed avoidance (n=74, 71.8% agreement in skin types 1-2 vs n=50, 53.8% agreement in skin types 3-6) and increased use of sun protection (n=70, 68.0% agreement in skin types 1-2 vs n=52, 55.3% agreement in skin types 3-6; Figure 5, Multimedia Appendix 2), which could be explained by the Sunface app having stronger altering effects in lighter skin than in darker skin types.

    Our data also indicate that photoaging interventions have a higher impact in late adolescence (17-19 years) than in early adolescence (13-16 years), but both age groups appear to benefit (Multimedia Appendix 2). We hypothesize that this effect is due to the higher relevance of wrinkle formation (ie, due to solar elastosis) in late adolescence than in early adolescence.

    Conclusions

    We present a novel way of integrating photoaging in school-based melanoma prevention, which affects the students’ peer group, considers the predictors of UV exposure in accordance with the theory of planned behavior, and is particularly effective in changing behavioral predictors in fair-skinned adolescents (Fitzpatrick skin types 1 and 2). Further research is necessary to evaluate the intervention’s prospective effects on adolescents of various cultural backgrounds.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

    ‎

    Multimedia Appendix 1

    Shared video of the Sunface app with 15 years of no sun protection shown on a 3D-animated selfie.

    MP4 File (MP4 Video), 1MB
    ‎

    Multimedia Appendix 2

    Questionnaire results.

    PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 18KB
    1. Whiteman DC, Green AC, Olsen CM. The growing burden of invasive melanoma: projections of incidence rates and numbers of new cases in six susceptible populations through 2031. J Invest Dermatol 2016 Jun;136(6):1161-1171 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    2. The Lancet Editorial Board. Skin cancer: prevention is better than cure. Lancet 2014 Aug 09;384(9942):470. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    3. Janda M, Soyer P. Greater precision in melanoma prevention. JAMA Dermatol 2017 Jan 01;153(1):18-19. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    4. Watts CG, Madronio C, Morton RL, Goumas C, Armstrong BK, Curtin A, et al. Clinical features associated with individuals at higher risk of melanoma: a population-based study. JAMA Dermatol 2017 Jan 01;153(1):23-29. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    5. Guy GP, Zhang Y, Ekwueme DU, Rim SH, Watson M. The potential impact of reducing indoor tanning on melanoma prevention and treatment costs in the United States: an economic analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017 Feb;76(2):226-233. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    6. Karimkhani C, Green AC, Nijsten T, Weinstock MA, Dellavalle RP, Naghavi M, et al. The global burden of melanoma: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Br J Dermatol 2017 Mar 30;177(1):134-140. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    7. Görig T, Diehl K, Greinert R, Breitbart EW, Schneider S. Prevalence of sun-protective behaviour and intentional sun tanning in German adolescents and adults: results of a nationwide telephone survey. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017 Jun 02;31(6):913-1077. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    8. Schneider S, Diehl K, Bock C, Schlüter M, Breitbart EW, Volkmer B, et al. Sunbed use, user characteristics, and motivations for tanning: results from the German population-based SUN-Study 2012. JAMA Dermatol 2013 Jan;149(1):43-49. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    9. Hillhouse J, Turrisi R, Scaglione NM, Cleveland MJ, Baker K, Florence LC. A web-based intervention to reduce indoor tanning motivations in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Sci 2017 Feb;18(2):131-140. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    10. Hillhouse J, Turrisi R, Cleveland MJ, Scaglione NM, Baker K, Florence LC. Theory-driven longitudinal study exploring indoor tanning initiation in teens using a person-centered approach. Ann Behav Med 2016 Feb;50(1):48-57. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    11. Guy GP, Holman DM, Watson M. The important role of schools in the prevention of skin cancer. JAMA Dermatol 2016 Oct 01;152(10):1083-1084. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    12. Tuong W, Armstrong AW. Effect of appearance-based education compared with health-based education on sunscreen use and knowledge: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014 Apr;70(4):665-669. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    13. Craciun C, Schüz N, Lippke S, Schwarzer R. Facilitating sunscreen use in women by a theory-based online intervention: a randomized controlled trial. J Health Psychol 2012 Mar;17(2):207-216. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    14. Hirst NG, Gordon LG, Scuffham PA, Green AC. Lifetime cost-effectiveness of skin cancer prevention through promotion of daily sunscreen use. Value Health 2012;15(2):261-268 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    15. Sakoufaki M, Stergiopoulou A, Stratigos A. Design and implementation of a health promotion program to prevent the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation at primary school students of rural areas of Greece. Int J Res Dermatol 2017 Aug 24;3(3):306. [CrossRef]
    16. Miller KA, Langholz BM, Ly T, Harris SC, Richardson JL, Peng DH, et al. SunSmart: evaluation of a pilot school-based sun protection intervention in Hispanic early adolescents. Health Educ Res 2015 Jun;30(3):371-379 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    17. Aarestrup C, Bonnesen CT, Thygesen LC, Krarup AF, Waagstein AB, Jensen PD, et al. The effect of a school-based intervention on sunbed use in Danish pupils at continuation schools: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health 2014 Feb;54(2):214-220. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    18. Holman DM, Fox KA, Glenn JD, Guy GP, Watson M, Baker K, et al. Strategies to reduce indoor tanning: current research gaps and future opportunities for prevention. Am J Prev Med 2013 Jun;44(6):672-681 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    19. Stapleton JL, Hillhouse J, Levonyan-Radloff K, Manne SL. Review of interventions to reduce ultraviolet tanning: need for treatments targeting excessive tanning, an emerging addictive behavior. Psychol Addict Behav 2017 Jun 22. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    20. Olson AL, Gaffney C, Starr P, Gibson JJ, Cole BF, Dietrich AJ. SunSafe in the middle school years: a community-wide intervention to change early-adolescent sun protection. Pediatrics 2007 Jan;119(1):e247-e256. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    21. Miller KA, Huh J, Unger JB, Richardson JL, Allen MW, Peng DH, et al. Patterns of sun protective behaviors among Hispanic children in a skin cancer prevention intervention. Prev Med 2015 Dec;81:303-308 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    22. Turner D, Harrison SL, Buettner P, Nowak M. Does being a “SunSmart School” influence hat-wearing compliance? An ecological study of hat-wearing rates at Australian primary schools in a region of high sun exposure. Prev Med 2014 Mar;60:107-114. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    23. Buller DB, Andersen PA, Walkosz BJ, Scott MD, Beck L, Cutter GR. Rationale, design, samples, and baseline sun protection in a randomized trial on a skin cancer prevention intervention in resort environments. Contemp Clin Trials 2016 Jan;46:67-76 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    24. Baudson TG, Weber KE, Freund PA. More than only skin deep: appearance self-concept predicts most of secondary school students’ self-esteem. Front Psychol 2016;7:1568 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    25. Brinker TJ, Petri MP, Sondermann W, Gatzka M, Nakamura Y, Seeger W, et al. A dermatologists' ammunition in the war against smoking. J Med Internet Res 2017 Sep:1-3 (forthcoming). [CrossRef]
    26. Burford O, Jiwa M, Carter O, Parsons R, Hendrie D. Internet-based photoaging within Australian pharmacies to promote smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2013 Mar 26;15(3):e64 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    27. Burford O, Kindarji S, Parsons R, Falcoff H. Using visual demonstrations in young adults to promote smoking cessation: preliminary findings from a French pilot study. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017 May 04. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    28. Flett K, Grogan S, Clark-Carter D, Gough B, Conner M. Male smokers' experiences of an appearance-focused facial-ageing intervention. J Health Psychol 2017 Mar;22(4):422-433. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    29. Brinker TJ, Seeger W. Photoaging mobile apps: a novel opportunity for smoking cessation? J Med Internet Res 2015 Jul 27;17(7):e186 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    30. Brinker TJ, Seeger W, Buslaff F. Photoaging mobile apps in school-based tobacco prevention: the mirroring approach. J Med Internet Res 2016 Jun 28;18(6):e183 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    31. Brinker TJ, Owczarek AD, Seeger W, Groneberg DA, Brieske CM, Jansen P, et al. A medical student-delivered smoking prevention program, education against tobacco, for secondary schools in Germany: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2017 Jun 06;19(6):e199 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    32. Xavier LEDF, Bernardes-Souza B, Lisboa OC, Seeger W, Groneberg DA, Tran T, et al. A medical student-delivered smoking prevention program, education against tobacco, for secondary schools in Brazil: study protocol for a randomized trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2017 Jan 30;6(1):e16 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    33. Brinker TJ, Holzapfel J, Baudson TG, Sies K, Jakob L, Baumert HM, et al. Photoaging smartphone app promoting poster campaign to reduce smoking prevalence in secondary schools: the Smokerface Randomized Trial: design and baseline characteristics. BMJ Open 2016 Nov 07;6(11):e014288 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    34. Jiwa M, Burford O, Parsons R. Preliminary findings of how visual demonstrations of changes to physical appearance may enhance weight loss attempts. Eur J Public Health 2015 Apr;25(2):283-285. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    35. Williams AL, Grogan S, Clark-Carter D, Buckley E. Impact of a facial-ageing intervention versus a health literature intervention on women's sun protection attitudes and behavioural intentions. Psychol Health 2013;28(9):993-1008. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    36. Eastabrook S, Chang P, Taylor MF. Melanoma risk: adolescent females' perspectives on skin protection pre/post-viewing a ultraviolet photoaged photograph of their own facial sun damage. Glob Health Promot 2016 Jun 22. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    37. Mahler HIM, Kulik JA, Gerrard M, Gibbons FX. Effects of photoaging information and UV photo on sun protection intentions and behaviours: a cross-regional comparison. Psychol Health 2013;28(9):1009-1031. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    38. Lo PL, Chang P, Taylor MF. Young Australian adults' reactions to viewing personalised UV photoaged photographs. Australas Med J 2014;7(11):454-461 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    39. Brinker TJ, Schadendorf D, Klode J, Cosgarea I, Rösch A, Jansen P, et al. Photoaging mobile apps as a novel opportunity for melanoma prevention: pilot study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017 Jul 26;5(7):e101 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    40. Robinson JK, Wayne JD, Martini MC, Hultgren BA, Mallett KA, Turrisi R. Early detection of new melanomas by patients with melanoma and their partners using a structured skin self-examination skills training intervention: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol 2016 Sep 01;152(9):979-985 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    41. Roider EM, Fisher DE. Red hair, light skin, and UV-independent risk for melanoma development in humans. JAMA Dermatol 2016 Jul 01;152(7):751-753 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    42. Ghiasvand R, Rueegg CS, Weiderpass E, Green AC, Lund E, Veierød MB. Indoor tanning and melanoma risk: long-term evidence from a prospective population-based cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2017 Dec 01;185(3):147-156. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    43. Wu S, Cho E, Li W, Weinstock MA, Han J, Qureshi AA. History of severe sunburn and risk of skin cancer among women and men in 2 prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol 2016 May 01;183(9):824-833 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    44. Brinker TJ, Stamm-Balderjahn S, Seeger W, Klingelhöfer D, Groneberg DA. Education Against Tobacco (EAT): a quasi-experimental prospective evaluation of a multinational medical-student-delivered smoking prevention programme for secondary schools in Germany. BMJ Open 2015 Sep 18;5(9):e008093 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    45. Detert H, Hedlund S, Anderson CD, Rodvall Y, Festin K, Whiteman DC, et al. Validation of sun exposure and protection index (SEPI) for estimation of sun habits. Cancer Epidemiol 2015 Dec;39(6):986-993 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    46. Hoffmann W, Latza U, Terschüren C. [Guidelines and recommendations for ensuring Good Epidemiological Practice (GEP) -- revised version after evaluation]. Gesundheitswesen 2015 Mar;67(3):217-225. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    47. Rodrigues AM, Sniehotta FF, Birch-Machin MA, Olivier P, Araújo-Soares V. Systematic and iterative development of a smartphone app to promote sun-protection among holidaymakers: design of a prototype and results of usability and acceptability testing. JMIR Res Protoc 2017 Jun 12;6(6):e112 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]
    48. Dorairaj JJ, Healy GM, McInerney A, Hussey AJ. Validation of a melanoma risk assessment smartphone application. Dermatol Surg 2017 Feb;43(2):299-302. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    49. Bert F, Gualano MR, Clemente S, Villa G, Siliquini R. [Technology and prevention in the era of mobile health: applications for cancer screening programs]. Ig Sanita Pubbl 2017;73(1):13-27. [Medline]
    50. Mar VJ, Scolyer RA, Long GV. Computer-assisted diagnosis for skin cancer: have we been outsmarted? Lancet 2017 May 20;389(10083):1962-1964. [CrossRef] [Medline]
    51. Ngoo A, Finnane A, McMeniman E, Tan J, Janda M, Soyer HP. Efficacy of smartphone applications in high-risk pigmented lesions. Australas J Dermatol 2017 Feb 27. [CrossRef] [Medline]

    ‎
    3D: 3-dimensional
    UV: ultraviolet

    Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 07.08.17; peer-reviewed by O Burford, J Makin; comments to author 24.08.17; revised version received 30.08.17; accepted 30.08.17; published 08.09.17

    Copyright

    ©Titus Josef Brinker, Christian Martin Brieske, Christoph Matthias Schaefer, Fabian Buslaff, Martina Gatzka, Maximilian Philip Petri, Wiebke Sondermann, Dirk Schadendorf, Ingo Stoffels, Joachim Klode. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 08.09.2017.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.