This paper is in the following e-collection/theme issue:

Public (e)Health, Digital Epidemiology and Public Health Informatics (725) LGBTQ Issues (448)

Published on in Vol 15, No 5 (2013): May

Online Health-Searching Behavior Among HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Baltimore and Washington, DC Area

Online Health-Searching Behavior Among HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Baltimore and Washington, DC Area

Online Health-Searching Behavior Among HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Baltimore and Washington, DC Area

Authors of this article:

Ying Li1 ;   J Polk1 ;   Michael Plankey1
Article Authors Cited by (5) Tweetations (4) Metrics

    Original Paper

    Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States

    Corresponding Author:

    Michael Plankey, PhD

    Division of Infectious Diseases

    Department of Medicine

    Georgetown University Medical Center

    Suite 130

    2115 Wisconsin Avenue, NW

    Washington, DC, 20007

    United States

    Phone: 1 202 784 2607

    Fax:1 202 784 0791

    Email: mwp23@georgetown.edu


    Background: Searching online for health information is common among American adults. However, there have been few studies to investigate the online health-searching behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

    Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Internet use among HIV-seropositive MSM and compare their online behaviors with HIV-seronegative men with chronic disease(s).

    Methods: This study was performed at the Baltimore/Washington, DC site of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). A total of 200 MACS participants were asked to answer a self-administered questionnaire on a first-come basis during a semiannual study visit (from July to November 2011); 195 (97.5%) participants completed the survey. Multiple logistic regression models were used to investigate the factors influencing their online health-searching behaviors.

    Results: The median age of the 195 MSM participants was 57 years, 64.6% were white, 59.0% were employed, and 88.2% had Internet access at home and/or other locations. Of the 95 HIV-seropositive participants, 89.5% currently used highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 82.1% had Internet access. After adjusting for age and race/ethnicity, the HIV-seropositive participants were less likely to perform online searches for general disease-related information compared to the HIV-seronegative men with chronic disease(s) (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.06-0.68, P=.01). There were no statistically significant associations with HIV status and searching for new medications/treatments (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.19-1.55, P=.26) or support/advice from other patients (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.18-1.53, P=.24). Increasing age by 5 years led to a decrease by 29% in the odds of online health-related searches for general information (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.98, P=.03) and 26% for support/advice from other patients (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.98, P=.03). A decrease of 25% for new medications/treatments was also seen, but was not statistically significant (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57-1.01, P=.06).

    Conclusions: This study shows that HIV-seropositive MSM have similar online health-searching behaviors as HIV-seronegative men with chronic disease(s). Independent of HIV status, older MSM are less likely to perform online health-related searches.

    J Med Internet Res 2013;15(5):e78

    doi:10.2196/jmir.2479

    Keywords

    Internet; information seeking behavior; HIV infections; chronic disease; patient care 


    Approximately 80% of American adults used the Internet in 2010 [1]. For Internet users, searching online for health information has become highly prevalent. A national survey in 2005 found 59% of Internet users did online searching for health information for themselves [2]. A Pew Internet & American Life Project survey showed that 83% of Internet users searched for health information in 2010 [1]. Some studies have shown a high prevalence of health-related Internet use among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suggested such Internet use to be beneficial in coping, support, and self-control in health behaviors [3-17]. Studies have also demonstrated that Internet use among people living with chronic diseases (such as diabetes and cancer) provides a sense of support and self-management [18-28].

    A large number of studies [25,29-32], including a recent World Health Organization report [33], have suggested that HIV has shifted from a rapidly debilitating and fatal illness to a manageable chronic disease. However, few studies have compared the online health-searching behaviors of HIV-seropositive people with those of HIV-seronegative people with chronic disease(s).

    We conducted a study of the online health-searching behaviors among the HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men (MSM) currently enrolled in the Baltimore/Washington, DC site of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of Internet use and online heath-searching behaviors among the HIV-seropositive MSM compared to the HIV-seronegative men with chronic disease(s), and to identify the factors influencing these behaviors.


    Recruitment

    The MACS is an ongoing prospective study of the natural and treated histories of HIV infection among MSM in the United States. A total of 6972 men were recruited (4954 in 1984-1985, 668 in 1987-1991, and 1350 in 2001-2003) at 4 centers located in Baltimore/Washington, DC; Chicago; Los Angeles; and Pittsburgh. The study design of the MACS has been described in detail previously [34,35] and only methods relevant to the present study are presented here. All MACS questionnaires are available on the MACS website. MACS study protocols were approved by the institutional review boards of each of the participating centers, their community partners, and community advisory boards, and informed consent was obtained from all participants. MACS participants return every 6 months for detailed interviews, physical examinations, and collection of blood for laboratory testing and storage in a central repository. The interview includes a battery of questions related to medical conditions, medical treatments, sexual behavior, illicit drug use, and alcohol consumption since the previous visit. For this study, 200 participants (150 from Baltimore and 50 from Washington, DC) answered a self-administered questionnaire (see Multimedia Appendix 1 for details) on a first-come basis during their routine semiannual study visits from July to November 2011.

    Questionnaire

    Participants were asked about HIV or chronic disease(s) (including cancer, diabetes, depression, kidney disease, erectile dysfunction, etc); about their Internet access and where they accessed the Internet (no access, only at home, only at other locations including workplace and library, or both at home and other locations); the number of hours per week they used the Internet for personal purposes (1-2, 3-4, 5-9, ≥10 hours/week); and about whether they have used online disease-related searches for general information, new medications/treatments, and support/advice from other patients.

    The outcomes of interest were the hours of Internet use and online disease-related searching. Participants’ HIV status, age, and race/ethnicity (obtained from the centralized MACS database) were included as covariates.

    Statistical Analysis

    Descriptive statistics were generated by HIV status. The prevalence of Internet access was calculated. Univariate associations of Internet access with participant’s employment status, race/ethnicity, age, and HIV status were examined using chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables, or Mann-Whitney tests for continuous variables. The associations between online behaviors and HIV status were investigated by using multiple logistic regression models. Age and race/ethnicity were included in the model. Statistical significance was evaluated at the .05 level. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC, USA).


    Demographics, health conditions, and Internet access of the participants in this study are shown in Table 1. The median age was 57 years (IQR 51-63). Most were white (64.6%) and employed (59.0%), including full-time, part-time, and self-employment. Of the 195 participants completing the questionnaire, 172 (88.2%) used the Internet, 149 (76.4%) had Internet access at home, and 24 (12.3%) used a smartphone to access the Internet for general health. Of the 95 HIV-seropositive participants, 85 (89.5%) currently used highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 78 (82.1%) had Internet access. Of the 100 HIV-seronegative participants, 34 (34.0%) had cancer or other chronic disease(s). Having Internet access was statistically significantly associated with participant’s employment status (P=.046), race/ethnicity (P<.001), and HIV status (P=.004), but was not associated with participant’s age (P=.30). Internet access was higher among the employed participants compared to the unemployed (93.8% vs 84.9%), the white participants compared to the nonwhite participants (96.8% vs 76.5%), and the HIV-seronegative compared to the HIV-seropositive (95.9% vs 83.0%) (data not shown).

    Table 1. Demographics, health condition, and Internet access of the participants in the study.
    VariableHIV serostatusAll participants N=195

    		HIV– n=100HIV+ n=95
    Age (years), median (IQR)60 (53-65)54 (49-60)57 (51-63)
    Race, n (%)



    		White80 (80.0)46 (48.4)126 (64.6)

    		Nonwhite20 (20.0)49 (51.6)69 (35.4)
    Employment, n (%)



    		Employeda69 (69.0)46 (48.4)115 (59.0)

    		Unemployed30 (30.0)43 (45.3)73 (37.4)

    		No response1 (1.0)6 (6.3)7 (3.6)
    Current therapy use, n (%)



    		No therapy use—6 (6.3)—

    		HAART—85 (89.5)—

    		Combination therapy—4 (4.2)—
    Chronic disease (except HIV), n (%)



    		None45 (45.0)——

    		Cancer only5 (5.0)——

    		Other chronic conditionb26 (26.0)——

    		Both cancer and other(s)3 (3.0)——

    		No response21 (21.0)——
    Self-reported HIV, n (%)—62 (65.3)—
    Internet access, n (%)



    		No4 (4.0)16 (16.8)20 (10.3)

    		Only at home42 (42.0)38 (40.0)80 (41.0)

    		Only at other locationsc10 (10.0)13 (13.7)23 (11.8)

    		Both home and others42 (42.0)27 (28.4)69 (35.4)

    		No response2 (2.0)1 (1.1)3 (1.5)
    Smartphone, n (%)



    		Internet for general health11 (11.0)13 (13.7)24 (12.3)

    aincluding full-time, part-time, and self-employment

    bOther chronic conditions included depression, kidney disease, erectile dysfunction, diabetes, arthritis, high blood pressure, heart disease, etc.

    cOther locations included workplace and library.

    The online behaviors of the HIV-seropositive participants were compared to the HIV-seronegative men with chronic disease(s) (see Table 2), of which 23 participants without Internet access (or no response), 61 HIV-seronegative participants without chronic disease(s) (or no response), and 17 HIV-seropositive participants who did not report their HIV infection in the survey were excluded. Of 61 HIV-seropositive participants and 33 HIV-seronegative participants with chronic disease(s), 21 (34.4%) and 12 (36.4%) spent ≥10 hours per week on the Internet for personal searching, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between these 2 groups (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.38-2.74, P=.96).

    Table 2. Online behaviors of the HIV-seropositive participants compared to the HIV-seronegative participants with chronic disease.
    Online behaviorHIV serostatus, n (%)

    		HIV– with chronic disease
    n=33    		HIV+
    n=61
    Personal Internet use (hours/week)

    		1-25 (15.2)14 (22.9)

    		3-411 (33.2)12 (19.7)

    		5-95 (15.2)14 (23.0)

    		≥1012 (36.4)21 (34.4)

    		No response0
    Online disease-relateda search for general information

    		No6 (18.2)23 (37.7)

    		Yes25 (75.7)37 (60.7)

    		No response2 (6.1)1 (1.6)
    Online disease-related search for new medications or treatments

    		No10 (30.3)22 (36.1)

    		Yes21 (63.6)38 (62.3)

    		No response2 (6.1)1 (1.6)
    Online disease-related search for support or advice from other patients

    		No18 (54.5)33 (54.1)

    		Yes12 (36.4)25 (41.0)

    		No response3 (9.1)3 (4.9)

    aHIV-related information for the HIV-seropositive participants and specific disease-related information for the HIV-seronegative men with chronic disease(s).

    After adjusting for age and race/ethnicity, the HIV-seropositive participants were less likely to search online for general disease-related information compared to the HIV-seronegative men with chronic disease(s) (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.06-0.68, P=.01). There were no statistically significant differences in searching for new medications/treatments (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.19-1.55, P=.26) or for support/advice from other patients (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.18-1.53, P=.24) between these 2 groups. Increasing age by 5 years led to a decrease by 29% in the odds of online health-related searches for general information (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.98, P=.03) and 26% for support/advice from other patients (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.56-0.98, P=.03). A decrease of 25% for new medications/treatments was also seen, but was not statistically significant (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57-1.01, P=.06).

    Table 3. Analysis results of multiple logistic regressions.
    CovariatesInternet use ≥10 hours/weekOnline disease-related search


    		General informationNew medications/ treatmentsSupport/advice

    		OR (95% CI)POR (95% CI)POR (95% CI)POR (95% CI)P
    Age (5-yr increase)0.99 (0.77, 1.27).950.71 (0.52, 0.98).030.75 (0.57, 1.01).060.74 (0.56, 0.98).03
    Nonwhite vs white0.70 (0.26, 1.92).491.30 (0.44, 3.83).641.07 (0.38, 3.01).902.66 (0.95, 7.39).06
    HIV+ vs HIV with chronic disease1.03 (0.38, 2.74).960.20 (0.06, 0.68).010.55 (0.19, 1.55).260.52 (0.18, 1.53).24

    To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to compare the online behaviors among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative MSM with chronic disease(s). We found that the HIV-seropositive participants showed similar online health-searching behaviors compared to the HIV-seronegative with chronic disease(s) participants. Independent of HIV status, older participants were less likely to do online health-related research.

    In this study, 88% of the surveyed participants had Internet access, close to the prevalence (79%) among American adults in a 2010 report from the Pew Research Center [1]. In our study, 82% of the HIV-seropositive participants had access to Internet, more than the reported 56% from earlier studies of people living with HIV and/or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) [9,13]. Among our HIV-seropositive participants, 68% had Internet access at home, more than twice than the number (33%) reported by Kalichman et al in 2002 [13].

    It has been known that HIV disease meets several chronic disease criteria, including an uncertain course, a prescribed treatment regimen, requirements of self-care and management, changes in roles and relationships, shifts in identity, and psychological distress [25,32]. Because the health care goal is to control symptoms and prevent disability rather than cure them [25], both HIV infection and chronic diseases require considerable patient self-care or self-monitoring of symptoms [32]. As such, it was not unexpected that our results showed no statistical differences in the online health-searching behaviors of HIV-seropositive participants and HIV-seronegative participants with chronic disease(s).

    Coursaris and Liu [6] found that support-related information, including advice, referral, situation appraisal, and teaching, was exchanged most frequently in online HIV/AIDS self-help groups, which is in agreement with our observations. Of the HIV-seropositive participants with Internet access, 41% searched online for support/advice from other patients and 61% searched online for HIV-related information, more than the finding of a study of people living with HIV/AIDS that reported 45% for Internet health information-seeking behavior [36].

    This study also showed that the odds of online health-related searching decreased with increasing age, in agreement with a recent report from the Pew Research Center that showed American adults older than 65 years were less likely than other age groups to use the Internet [37].

    Certain limitations of this study deserve attention. We surveyed a convenience sample of MACS participants. Self-administration of the questionnaire did not provide an opportunity for participants to ask questions about the survey, so we could not verify the accuracy of the participants’ interpretation of the survey questions and, thus, their responses. In addition, our sample was limited to participants enrolled in the Baltimore/Washington, DC site; therefore, our results may not be generalizable to all MACS participants or all HIV-infected men. Recall bias may have been present.

    Although the sample size in this study is small, our results provide valuable insight into the expanding Internet use of health self-management of HIV-seropositive MSM and HIV-seronegative MSM with chronic disease(s). Further study is needed to substantiate these findings. The high prevalence of online health searching observed among the MSM participants in the Baltimore/Washington, DC site will encourage MACS to expand the online health-searching behavior study to all sites.

    Acknowledgments

    Support of the Baltimore-Washington, DC MACS site was provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, with additional supplemental funding from the National Cancer Institute (U01-AI-035042, UL1-RR025005 (GCRC). This study was funded by the Notice of Availability of Recovery Act Funds for Administrative Supplements, NOT-DD-99-056.

    Conflicts of Interest

    None declared.

    ‎

    Multimedia Appendix 1

    Questionnaire.

    PDF File (Adobe PDF File), 57KB
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    ‎
    AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
    HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy
    HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
    MACS: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
    MSM: men who have sex with men

    Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 12.12.12; peer-reviewed by J Gillett, P Reeves, M Ybarra; comments to author 17.02.13; revised version received 20.02.13; accepted 25.02.13; published 03.05.13

    Copyright

    ©Ying Li, J Polk, Michael Plankey. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 03.05.2013.

    This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.