TY  - JOUR
AU  - Yu, Jiakan
AU  - Zhang, Jiajie
AU  - Sengoku, Shintaro
PY  - 2023
DA  - 2023/11/24
TI  - Innovation Process and Industrial System of US Food and Drug Administration–Approved Software as a Medical Device: Review and Content Analysis
JO  - J Med Internet Res
SP  - e47505
VL  - 25
KW  - digital health
KW  - digital therapeutics
KW  - software as a medical device
KW  - innovation process
KW  - artificial intelligence
AB  - Background: There has been a surge in academic and business interest in software as a medical device (SaMD). SaMD enables medical professionals to streamline existing medical practices and make innovative medical processes such as digital therapeutics a reality. Furthermore, SaMD is a billion-dollar market. However, SaMD is not clearly understood as a technological change and emerging industry. Objective: This study aims to review the landscape of SaMD in response to increasing interest in SaMD within health systems and regulation. The objectives of the study are to (1) clarify the innovation process of SaMD, (2) identify the prevailing typology of such innovation, and (3) elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving the SaMD innovation process. Methods: We collected product information on 581 US Food and Drug Administration–approved SaMDs from the OpenFDA website and 268 company profiles of the corresponding manufacturers from Crunchbase, Bloomberg, PichBook.com, and other company websites. In addition to assessing the metadata of SaMD, we used correspondence and business process analysis to assess the distribution of intended use and how SaMDs interact with other devices in the medical process. Results: The current SaMD industry is highly concentrated in medical image processing and radiological analysis. Incumbents in the medical device industry currently lead the market and focus on incremental innovation, whereas new entrants, particularly startups, produce more disruptive innovation. We found that hardware medical device functions as a complementary asset for SaMD, whereas how SaMD interacts with the complementary asset differs according to its intended use. Based on these findings, we propose a regime map that illustrates the SaMD innovation process. Conclusions: SaMD, as an industry, is nascent and dominated by incremental innovation. The innovation process of the present SaMD industry is shaped by data accessibility, which is key to building disruptive innovation. 
SN  - 1438-8871
UR  - https://www.jmir.org/2023/1/e47505
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/47505
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37999948
DO  - 10.2196/47505
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/47505
ER  -