TY  - JOUR
AU  - Vis, Christiaan
AU  - Ruwaard, Jeroen
AU  - Finch, Tracy
AU  - Rapley, Tim
AU  - de Beurs, Derek
AU  - van Stel, Henk
AU  - van Lettow, Britt
AU  - Mol, Mayke
AU  - Kleiboer, Annet
AU  - Riper, Heleen
AU  - Smit, Jan
PY  - 2019
DA  - 2019/02/20
TI  - Toward an Objective Assessment of Implementation Processes for Innovations in Health Care: Psychometric Evaluation of the Normalization Measure Development (NoMAD) Questionnaire Among Mental Health Care Professionals
JO  - J Med Internet Res
SP  - e12376
VL  - 21
IS  - 2
KW  - implementation science
KW  - eHealth
KW  - psychometrics
KW  - eMental health
KW  - normalization process theory
KW  - implementation assessment
AB  - Background: Successfully implementing eMental health (eMH) interventions in routine mental health care constitutes a major challenge. Reliable instruments to assess implementation progress are essential. The Normalization MeAsure Development (NoMAD) study developed a brief self-report questionnaire that could be helpful in measuring implementation progress. Based on the Normalization Process Theory, this instrument focuses on 4 generative mechanisms involved in implementation processes: coherence, cognitive participation, collective action, and reflexive monitoring. Objective: The aim of this study was to translate the NoMAD questionnaire to Dutch and to confirm the factor structure in Dutch mental health care settings. Methods: Dutch mental health care professionals involved in eMH implementation were invited to complete the translated NoMAD questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to verify interpretability of scale scores for 3 models: (1) the theoretical 4-factor structure, (2) a unidimensional model, and (3) a hierarchical model. Potential improvements were explored, and correlated scale scores with 3 control questions were used to assess convergent validity. Results: A total of 262 professionals from mental health care settings in the Netherlands completed the questionnaire (female: 81.7%; mean age: 45 [SD=11]). The internal consistency of the 20-item questionnaire was acceptable (.62≤alpha≤.85). The theorized 4-factor model fitted the data slightly better in the CFA than the hierarchical model (Comparative Fit Index=0.90, Tucker Lewis Index=0.88, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.10, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual=0.12, χ22=22.5, P≤.05). However, the difference is small and possibly not outweighing the practical relevance of a total score and subscale scores combined in one hierarchical model. One item was identified as weak (λCA.2=0.10). A moderate-to-strong convergent validity with 3 control questions was found for the Collective Participation scale (.47≤r≤.54, P≤.05). Conclusions: NoMAD’s theoretical factor structure was confirmed in Dutch mental health settings to acceptable standards but with room for improvement. The hierarchical model might prove useful in increasing the practical utility of the NoMAD questionnaire by combining a total score with information on the 4 generative mechanisms. Future research should assess the predictive value and responsiveness over time and elucidate the conceptual interpretability of NoMAD in eMH implementation practices. 
SN  - 1438-8871
UR  - http://www.jmir.org/2019/2/e12376/
UR  - https://doi.org/10.2196/12376
UR  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30785402
DO  - 10.2196/12376
ID  - info:doi/10.2196/12376
ER  -