@Article{info:doi/10.2196/jmir.1878,
author="Ramo, Danielle E
and Prochaska, Judith J",
title="Broad Reach and Targeted Recruitment Using Facebook for an Online Survey of Young Adult Substance Use",
journal="J Med Internet Res",
year="2012",
month="Feb",
day="23",
volume="14",
number="1",
pages="e28",
keywords="social media, Facebook, participant recruitment, young adult, tobacco",
abstract="Background: Studies of tobacco use and other health behaviors have reported great challenges in recruiting young adults. Social media is widely used by young adults in the United States and represents a potentially fast, affordable method of recruiting study participants for survey research. Objective: The present study examined Facebook as a mechanism to reach and survey young adults about tobacco and other substance use. Methods: Participants were cigarette users, age 18-25 years old, living throughout the United States and recruited through Facebook to complete a survey about tobacco and other substance use. Paid advertising using Facebook's Ad program over 13 months from 2010 Feb 28 to 2011 Apr 4 targeted by age (18-25), location (United States or California), language (English), and tobacco- and/or marijuana-related keywords. Facebook approved all ads. Results: The campaign used 20 ads, which generated 28,683,151 impressions, yielding 14,808 clicks (0.7{\%} of targeted Facebook members), at an overall cost of {\$}6,628.24. The average cost per click on an ad was {\$}0.45. The success of individual ads varied widely. There was a rise in both clicks and impressions as the campaign grew. However, the peak for clicks was 3 months before the peak for ad impressions. Of the 69,937,080 accounts for those age 18-25 in the United States, Facebook estimated that 2.8{\%} (n = 1,980,240) were reached through tobacco and marijuana keywords. Our campaign yielded 5237 signed consents (35.4{\%} of clicks), of which 3093 (59{\%}) met criteria, and 1548 (50{\%} of those who met criteria) completed the survey. The final cost per valid completed survey was {\$}4.28. The majority of completed surveys came from whites (69{\%}) and males (72{\%}). The sample averaged 8.9 cigarettes per day (SD 7.5), 3.8 years of smoking (SD 2.9), with a median of 1 lifetime quit attempts; 48{\%} did not intend to quit smoking in the next 6 months. Conclusions: Despite wide variety in the success of individual ads and potential concerns about sample representativeness, Facebook was a useful, cost-effective recruitment source for young-adult smokers to complete a survey about the use of tobacco and other substances. The current findings support Facebook as a viable recruitment option for assessment of health behavior in young adults. ",
issn="1438-8871",
doi="10.2196/jmir.1878",
url="http://www.jmir.org/2012/1/e28/",
url="https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1878",
url="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22360969"
}